The increase in anthropogenic activities has led to the release of numerous chemicals and pollutants into aquatic ecosystems, raising significant concerns for water quality and health. Among the emerging issues is the interaction between pollutants and nanomaterials (mixture effects). In this work, it was studied the combined toxicity of boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) and cadmium (Cd2+) incorporating the influence of natural organic matter (NOM) to enhance ecological relevance for the first time. Colloidal stability studies showed that BNNS is highly unstable, aggregating and precipitating over time in mineral reconstituted water. However, the addition of natural organic matter stabilizes BNNS. Acute toxicity results showed that this material has a good biocompatibility with D. magna, not causing acute toxic effect (immobility) even at high concentration (100 mg L−1). Moreover, when combined with cadmium, BNNS exhibited a "Trojan horse" effect, enhancing Cd2+ toxicity by facilitating its uptake at 1 mg L−1. 48h-EC50 values of Cd2+ and BNNS+Cd2+ were 0.21 and 0.14 mg L−1, respectively. Nevertheless, NOM (10 mg L−1) mitigated this combined toxicity effect after 48 h of exposure. These findings provide novel insights into nanomaterial-pollutant interactions linked to toxicological effects in aquatic environments, contributing to the risk assessment for the safe and sustainable development of the emerging boron nitride nanomaterials and novel products.

中文翻译：

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探究氮化硼纳米片、镉和天然有机物对大型溞的联合毒性


人为活动的增加导致许多化学物质和污染物释放到水生生态系统中，引发了对水质和健康的严重担忧。新出现的问题之一是污染物和纳米材料之间的相互作用（混合效应）。在这项工作中，研究了氮化硼纳米片 （BNNS） 和镉 （Cd2+） 的综合毒性，并结合了天然有机物 （NOM） 的影响，首次增强了生态相关性。胶体稳定性研究表明，BNNS 高度不稳定，随着时间的推移，在矿物重构水中会聚集和沉淀。然而，天然有机物的添加使 BNNS 稳定。急性毒性结果表明，该材料与大石斛具有良好的生物相容性，即使在高浓度 （100 mg L-1） 下也不会引起急性毒性作用（固定）。此外，当与镉结合时，BNNS 表现出“特洛伊木马”效应，通过促进 Cd2+ 在 1 mg L-1 时的摄取来增强 Cd2+ 毒性。Cd2+ 和 BNNS+Cd2+ 的 48h-EC50 值分别为 0.21 和 0.14 mg L-1。尽管如此，NOM （10 mg L-1） 在暴露 48 小时后减轻了这种联合毒性作用。这些发现为纳米材料与污染物与水生环境中毒理学效应相关的相互作用提供了新的见解，有助于对新兴氮化硼纳米材料和新产品的安全和可持续发展进行风险评估。