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Exploring ultrasound-induced free radical formation: A comparative study in water and sour cherry juice using glutathione and terephthalic acid indicators
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry ( IF 8.7 ) Pub Date : 2024-12-09 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107193
Nursena Aktı, Semanur Yildiz

This study aims to assess free radical (FR) generation potential of ultrasound in water and sour cherry juice (SCJ) model systems using an indirect method with specific indicators including glutathione (GSH), a well-known antioxidant, and terephthalic acid (TPA), which fluoresces upon oxidation. Initially, aqueous GSH solutions were subjected to ultrasound at varying amplitudes (60 % and 80 %) for up to 30 min using probes of different diameters (13 mm and 19 mm) to identify maximal oxidation conditions. FR formation was monitored using UPLC equipped with diode array detector and fluorescence spectrophotometer for GSH and TPA oxidation, respectively. Increasing sonication time decreased GSH and increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in water for both probes; however, the 19 mm probe generated five times more GSSG than the 13 mm, implying a substantially higher rate of FR formation. Subsequently, ultrasound was applied to aqueous TPA solution using the 19 mm probe—representing the more challenging conditions—at a previously optimized amplitude (67 %) during 30 min. Time-course water samples showed a steady increase in TPA fluorescence intensity with longer sonication durations, suggesting that oxidation reactions driven by FRs were progressing over time in water. Following sonication of GSH- and TPA-added SCJ under the same conditions, analysis by LC-QTOF-MS and fluorescence spectrophotometry revealed no GSSG or fluorescence formation, confirming the absence of notable oxidation of both indicators, likely due to the juice’s complex composition (e.g., presence of antioxidant compounds). This study offers key insights into how ultrasound conditions affect FR formation in water and SCJ media by stabilizing them in detectable forms.

中文翻译:


探索超声诱导的自由基形成:使用谷胱甘肽和对苯二甲酸指示剂在水和酸樱桃汁中的比较研究



本研究旨在使用间接方法评估超声在水和酸樱桃汁 (SCJ) 模型中产生自由基 (FR) 的潜力,其特定指标包括谷胱甘肽 (GSH),一种众所周知的抗氧化剂,和对苯二甲酸 (TPA),氧化时发出荧光。最初,使用不同直径 (13 mm 和 19 mm) 的探针以不同幅度 (60% 和 80%) 对 GSH 水溶液进行长达 30 分钟的超声检查,以确定最大的氧化条件。使用配备二极管阵列检测器和荧光分光光度计的 UPLC 分别监测 GSH 和 TPA 氧化的 FR 形成。两种探针的超声处理时间增加会降低 GSH 并增加水中氧化谷胱甘肽 (GSSG);然而,19 mm 探针产生的 GSSG 是 13 mm 探针的 5 倍,这意味着 FR 的形成速率要高得多。随后,在 30 分钟内,使用 19 mm 探针以先前优化的振幅 (67%) 将超声应用于 TPA 水溶液(代表更具挑战性的条件)。时程水样显示 TPA 荧光强度随着超声处理持续时间的延长而稳步增加,这表明 FR 驱动的氧化反应在水中随着时间的推移而进行。在相同条件下对添加 GSH 和 TPA 的 SCJ 进行超声处理后,通过 LC-QTOF-MS 和荧光分光光度法进行分析,发现没有 GSSG 或荧光形成,证实了这两种指标都没有明显的氧化,这可能是由于果汁的复杂组成(例如,存在抗氧化化合物)。这项研究通过以可检测的形式稳定它们,为超声条件如何影响水和 SCJ 介质中的 FR 形成提供了关键见解。
更新日期:2024-12-09
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