The market for hydrophilic polyurethane (PU) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) foams is rapidly expanding. However, conventional petroleum-based foams cause environmental concerns due to their slow to nearly absent biodegradability and reliance on non-renewable resources. Recent advances have focused on integrating biobased components such as lignocellulosic biomass, comprising of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, in foam formulations to enhance sustainability and performance. This review presents a comprehensive overview of biobased PU and PF hydrophilic foams, highlighting their synthesis, properties, applications (floral, hydroponic, and environmental remediation), biodegradability, life cycle analysis and critical analysis of the economic, environmental, and technical challenges involved in developing and commercializing biobased foams for hydrophilic applications.

中文翻译：

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生物基聚氨酯和酚醛亲水泡沫在环境修复、花卉和水培应用中的全面综述


亲水性聚氨酯 （PU） 和酚醛 （PF） 泡沫的市场正在迅速扩大。然而，传统的石油基泡沫由于其缓慢或几乎不存在的生物降解性以及对不可再生资源的依赖而引起了环境问题。最近的进展集中在将生物基成分（如木质素、纤维素和半纤维素组成的木质纤维素生物质）整合到泡沫配方中，以提高可持续性和性能。这篇综述全面概述了生物基 PU 和 PF 亲水性泡沫，重点介绍了它们的合成、特性、应用（花卉、水培和环境修复）、生物降解性、生命周期分析，并对开发和商业化用于亲水应用的生物基泡沫所涉及的经济、环境和技术挑战进行了批判性分析。