Taking its cue from the weather wars that unfolded around the Alps in the eighteenth century — conflicts between neighbouring towns and polities attempting to divert storms by firing cannons at clouds — this article studies the representation of an environment rarely seen in spatial history: earth’s atmosphere. A survey of maps in different historiographical traditions, climate history foremost, reveals a visual repertoire that is effective for determining the physical properties of weather and climate but detaches the atmosphere from its human and non-human environments. A more recent genre of historical maps employs algorithmic methods of layering data to represent the atmosphere at local scales and in close connection with the human environment yet remains committed to a physicalist vision of weather and society. Returning to the Alpine weather wars, the article introduces a sequence of maps that attempt to represent past storms as they were understood and confronted by the armed farmers at the foot of the Alps: steerable entities trapped in an atmo-terrestrial force field where physical, political and religious influences collided to determine the ways of weather. The wider proposition is for historians of atmospheric environment to craft cartographic arguments that complement the range and ambition of their prose.

中文翻译：

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空间历史中的气氛：数字证据和视觉论证


本文从 18 世纪围绕阿尔卑斯山展开的天气战争中汲取灵感——邻近城镇之间的冲突和政体试图通过向云层发射大炮来转移风暴——研究了空间史上罕见的环境的表现：地球大气层。对不同史学传统的地图进行调查，首先是气候史，揭示了一种视觉曲目，它对确定天气和气候的物理特性是有效的，但将大气与人类和非人类环境分离。一种较新的历史地图类型采用算法方法对数据进行分层，以表示局部尺度的大气，并与人类环境密切相关，但仍然致力于对天气和社会的物理主义愿景。回到阿尔卑斯山的天气战争，文章介绍了一系列地图，这些地图试图代表阿尔卑斯山脚下武装农民所理解和面对的过去风暴：可操纵的实体被困在大气-地面力场中，物理、政治和宗教影响在这里碰撞，决定了天气的走向。更广泛的主张是，研究大气环境的历史学家精心制作制图论点，以补充他们散文的范围和雄心。