While perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attractive for space applications, assessing their radiation tolerance requires adequate testing protocols. The primary criterion is that protons normally incident on a PSC during ground-based testing should create a uniform damage profile, mimicking the effect of the omnidirectional and polyenergetic proton spectrum in space orbit. However, given the low thicknesses of PSCs, proton energies >0.05 MeV can meet this criterion, leading to ambiguity regarding the precise energy needed for testing. Here, we highlight another major criterion: the optimal proton energy should also closely mimic the elemental vacancy distribution created in the perovskite by space protons. Using Monte Carlo ion-solid simulations, we first calculate the elemental vacancies in a PSC due to the low-Earth orbit (LEO) proton spectrum. We then show that only ∼0.07 MeV protons can result in a similar distribution during ground-based testing. Higher energies (∼1 MeV) lead to 25% more iodine, 33% more lead, and 50% fewer hydrogen vacancies, failing to represent the space radiation environment accurately. Our results offer precise guidelines for PSC radiation testing, paving the way for more accurate, reliable, and comparable assessments.

中文翻译：

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低能质子在钙钛矿空间太阳能电池辐射测试中的关键作用


虽然钙钛矿太阳能电池 （PSC） 对太空应用很有吸引力，但评估其耐辐射性需要适当的测试方案。主要标准是，在地面测试期间通常入射到 PSC 上的质子应产生均匀的损伤分布，模拟太空轨道上全向和多能质子谱的影响。然而，鉴于 PSC 的厚度较低，质子能量 >0.05 MeV 可以满足这一标准，导致测试所需的精确能量含糊不清。在这里，我们强调了另一个主要标准：最佳质子能量也应该与空间质子在钙钛矿中产生的元素空位分布非常相似。使用蒙特卡洛离子固体模拟，我们首先计算了由于近地轨道 （LEO） 质子谱引起的 PSC 中的元素空位。然后，我们表明，在地面测试期间，只有 ∼0.07 MeV 的质子才能产生类似的分布。更高的能量 （∼1 MeV） 导致碘增加 25%，铅增加 33%，氢空位减少 50%，无法准确表示空间辐射环境。我们的结果为 PSC 辐射检测提供了精确的指导，为更准确、可靠和可比的评估铺平了道路。