Section snippets

Methods

The ALSPAC birth cohort investigates factors that influence childhood development and growth.⁵ Of the original cohort of 14,901 children enrolled in the ALSPAC, 4,026 (27%) attended the clinic visit at 24 years of age. Of these, 1,958 (49%) had echocardiograms performed. The current analysis included 1,931 young adults with complete smoking and echocardiographic measures at age 24 years, of whom 890 had echocardiograms at both the 17- and 24-year visits. Ethical approval for the study was

Cohort Study Characteristics

Among 1,931 children (mean age 10.6 ± 0.26 years; 1,211 [62.7%] female]), the prevalence of smoking was 0.3%, 1.6%, 13.6%, 24%, and 26.4% at ages 10, 13, 15, 17, and 24 years, respectively. Sixty percent of children and adolescents who initiated tobacco smoking at ages 10, 13, 15, or 17 years continued smoking at age 24 years. The prevalence of LV hypertrophy increased from 2.8% at age 17 years to 7.5% at age 24 years while LVD dysfunction prevalence increased from 10.4% to 16.9%. Persistent

Discussion

In a large population of apparently healthy children prospectively observed for 14 years from age 10 years through 24 years, persistent smoking from childhood was associated with the odds of premature cardiac functional and structural injury. Cigarette smoke has been associated with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation-induced atherosclerotic processes, abnormal lipid metabolism, increased myocardial hypoxia and oxygen demand, decreased cerebral oxygen availability, and altered metal

Conclusions

Tobacco smoking from childhood through young adulthood was prospectively associated with 33% to 52% odds of premature structural and functional cardiac injury. Cigarette smoking from childhood was associated with cardiac mass increase, and one-third of the effect estimate was retained after controlling for competing risk factors.

Funding Support and Author Disclosures

The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (grant reference number 217065/Z/19/Z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. The British Heart Foundation grant (CS/15/6/31468) funded blood pressure and Actigraph activity monitoring device measurement at 24 years. The Medical Research Council grant (MR/M006727/1) supported smoking data collection. A comprehensive list of grant funding is available on the ALSPAC website. Dr Agbaje's research group (UndeRstanding FITness and

Acknowledgments

The author is extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists, and nurses.The informed consent obtained from ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) participants does not allow the data to be made freely available through any third-party

中文翻译：

---

儿童期偶发性和进行性吸烟以及随后的过早心脏损伤风险

 部分片段

 方法

ALSPAC 出生队列调查了影响儿童发育和成长的因素。⁵ 在参加 ALSPAC 的原始 14,901 名儿童中，有 4,026 名 （27%） 在 24 岁时参加了门诊就诊。其中，1,958 例 （49%） 进行了超声心动图检查。目前的分析包括 1,931 名在 24 岁时完全吸烟和超声心动图测量的年轻人，其中 890 名在 17 岁和 24 岁就诊时都进行了超声心动图检查。该研究的伦理批准是

队列研究特征

在 1,931 名儿童 （平均年龄 10.6 ± 0.26 岁;1,211 [62.7%] 女性） 中，10 岁、 13 岁、 15 岁、 17 岁和 24 岁的吸烟率分别为 0.3% 、 1.6% 、 13.6% 、 13.6% 、 24% 和 26.4% 。在 10 岁、13 岁、15 岁或 17 岁开始吸烟的儿童和青少年中，有 60% 在 24 岁时继续吸烟。LV 肥大的患病率从 17 岁的 2.8% 增加到 24 岁的 7.5%，而 LVD 功能障碍的患病率从 10.4% 增加到 16.9%。持续

 讨论

在从 10 岁到 24 岁前瞻性观察了 14 年的大量明显健康的儿童中，从童年开始持续吸烟与过早发生心脏功能和结构损伤的几率有关。香烟烟雾与内皮功能障碍和炎症诱导的动脉粥样硬化过程、脂质代谢异常、心肌缺氧和需氧量增加、脑氧可用性降低和金属改变有关

 结论

从儿童期到成年早期吸烟与过早结构和功能性心脏损伤的 33% 至 52% 的几率前瞻性相关。童年时期吸烟与心脏质量增加相关，并且在控制了竞争性风险因素后保留了三分之一的效果估计值。

资金支持和作者披露

英国医学研究委员会和惠康（资助参考编号 217065/Z/19/Z）和布里斯托大学为 ALSPAC 提供核心支持。英国心脏基金会赠款 （CS/15/6/31468） 资助了 24 岁时的血压和 Actigraph 活动监测设备测量。医学研究委员会资助 （MR/M006727/1） 支持吸烟数据收集。ALSPAC 网站上提供了赠款资金的完整列表。Agbaje 博士的研究小组 （UndeRstanding FITness 和

 确认

作者非常感谢所有参与这项研究的家庭、助产士帮助招募他们，以及整个 ALSPAC 团队，其中包括采访者、计算机和实验室技术人员、文职人员、研究科学家、志愿者、经理、接待员和护士。从 ALSAC（雅芳父母和儿童纵向研究）参与者那里获得的知情同意不允许通过任何第三方免费提供数据