Artificial cells have attracted extensive attention as substitutes for natural cells, which have many different forms, such as liposomes, polymersomes, dendrimerosomes, colloidosomes, and proteinosomes. In general, they have a complete structure, so that they can exhibit some key characteristics and simulate specific functions of living cells, such as stress behaviors generated by external pH, temperature, reducing agents, light, and other signals, thereby mimicking the behavior of the original cell. These artificial cells have many applications and may help to understand the origin of life. Despite the increasing complexity of the design and synthesis of artificial cells in recent years, the chemical communication of primary cells in response to external stimuli remains a key challenge in bottom-up synthetic biology and bioengineering. Recent advances in the synthesis of simple cells and simulation of proto-cellular behavior suggest that the construction and simulation of living organisms is a realistic goal. This paper presents a review of recent research progress in the construction of five main artificial cell models and their applications in the life sciences, and highlights the current problems, limitations, challenges, and opportunities in this field.

中文翻译：

---

人工细胞在生命中的进展与挑战：综述


人工细胞作为天然细胞的替代品引起了广泛关注，天然细胞具有许多不同的形式，例如脂质体、聚合物体、树突体、胶体和蛋白质体。一般来说，它们具有完整的结构，因此它们可以表现出一些关键特性并模拟活细胞的特定功能，例如外部 pH 值、温度、还原剂、光和其他信号产生的应力行为，从而模拟原始细胞的行为。这些人造细胞有许多应用，可能有助于了解生命的起源。尽管近年来人工细胞的设计和合成越来越复杂，但原代细胞响应外部刺激的化学通讯仍然是自下而上的合成生物学和生物工程的关键挑战。简单细胞合成和原始细胞行为模拟的最新进展表明，生物体的构建和模拟是一个现实的目标。本文综述了近年来 5 种主要人工细胞模型构建及其在生命科学中的应用研究进展，并强调了该领域当前存在的问题、局限性、挑战和机遇。