Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox), an energy-efficient technology for treating ammonium-rich wastewater, faces the challenge of antibiotic stress in sewage. This paper systematically evaluated the impact of antibiotics on anammox by considering both inhibitory effects and recovery duration. This review focused on cellular responses, including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), quorum sensing (QS), and enzymes. Then, the physiological properties of cells and the interactions between nitrogen and carbon metabolism under antibiotic stress were discussed, particularly within the anammoxosome. The microbial community evolution and the development and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were further analyzed to reveal the resistance mechanisms of anammox. To address the limitations imposed by antibiotics, the development of bio-augmentation and combined processes based on molecular biology techniques, such as bio-electrochemical systems (BES), has been suggested. This review offered new insights into the mechanisms of antibiotic inhibition during the anammox process and aimed to advance their engineering applications.

中文翻译：

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抗生素对厌氧氨氧化系统压力的全面评价：机制、应用和挑战


厌氧氨氧化 （anammox） 是一种处理富含铵态氮的废水的节能技术，面临着污水中抗生素胁迫的挑战。本文通过考虑抑制作用和恢复持续时间，系统评价了抗生素对厌氧氨氧化的影响。本综述侧重于细胞反应，包括细胞外聚合物物质 （EPS） 、群体感应 （QS） 和酶。然后，讨论了细胞的生理特性以及抗生素应激下氮和碳代谢之间的相互作用，特别是在厌氧氨酶体内。进一步分析了微生物群落的进化以及抗生素耐药基因 （ARG） 的发育和转移，以揭示厌氧氨氧化的耐药机制。为了解决抗生素带来的限制，有人建议开发基于分子生物学技术（如生物电化学系统 （BES））的生物增强和联合过程。本综述为厌氧氨氧化过程中抗生素抑制的机制提供了新的见解，旨在推进其工程应用。