Neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) are the fastest-growing class in agricultural protection. They target nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in pests, stimulating the nervous system at low doses and causing paralysis and death at higher concentrations. NNIs are used in crop protection, seed treatment, forestry, agriculture, and flea control in domestic cattle. Effective at lower concentrations and offering long-term control, NNIs are favoured for their systemic activity. However, due to their water solubility, mobility, and moderate persistence, NNIs easily contaminate adjacent aquatic environments via runoff, leaching, or spray drift. While less toxic to vertebrates, their widespread use poses threats to aquatic and terrestrial organisms, causing neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, endocrine disruption, and reproductive malformations. This review synthesizes research to address knowledge gaps on the environmental impact of NNIs and proposes policies to mitigate their harmful effects on aquatic non-target species.

中文翻译：

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评估新烟碱类化合物对水生非目标物种的影响：全面综述


新烟碱类杀虫剂 （NNI） 是农业保护中增长最快的一类。它们以害虫中的烟碱乙酰胆碱受体 （nAChR） 为目标，在低剂量时刺激神经系统，在较高浓度时会导致瘫痪和死亡。NNI 用于作物保护、种子处理、林业、农业和家牛的跳蚤控制。NNI 在较低浓度下有效并提供长期控制，因其内吸活性而受到青睐。然而，由于其水溶性、流动性和适度持久性，NNI 很容易通过径流、浸出或喷雾漂移污染邻近的水生环境。虽然对脊椎动物的毒性较小，但它们的广泛使用对水生和陆生生物构成威胁，导致神经毒性、肾毒性、细胞毒性、遗传毒性、免疫毒性、肝毒性、内分泌干扰和生殖畸形。本综述综合了研究成果，以解决 NNIs 对环境影响的知识差距，并提出了减轻其对水生非目标物种有害影响的政策。