Purpose of Review

This review offers a thorough examination of the pine pathogen Diplodia sapinea, tracing its historical significance from its initial impact on South African non-native Pinus plantations to its recent emergence as a major threat to forests, particularly in Europe. It also highlights recent findings regarding its taxonomic position, genetic studies, and shifts from being perceived as a wound-infecting pathogen to an endophyte in healthy Pinus species that causes disease after stress.

Recent Findings

Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the damage caused by D. sapinea in natural and planted forests. This escalation is apparently strongly linked to climate change. The pathogen’s previously confused taxonomic position has been clearly resolved in the Botryosphaeriaceae, alongside several sibling species. Diplodia sapinea is now well-understood as an endophyte in healthy trees, which has significant implications for studies aimed at understanding its biology. Importantly, robust techniques including those utilizing genome sequences, are now available for rapid identification and population genetic studies of the pathogen and the factors that drive disease outbreaks.

Summary

Over the past century, D. sapinea has transitioned from a localized problem in South African non-native plantations to a global threat to both natural and planted forests, particularly in Europe. This review underscores the importance of historical context in understanding the evolution of the pathogen’s impact. It also lays the foundation for future research endeavours, leveraging modern technologies to address key questions surrounding its biology and ecology.

中文翻译：

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松树病原体 Diplodia sapinea：扩展边界

 审查目的

这篇综述对松树病原体 Diplodia sapinea 进行了彻底的检查，追溯了其历史意义，从它最初对南非非本地松树种植园的影响到最近成为对森林的主要威胁，尤其是在欧洲。它还强调了关于其分类学位置、遗传研究以及从被认为是伤口感染病原体转变为健康松树物种中内生真菌的转变，该内生真菌在应激后会引起疾病。

 最新发现

近年来，D. sapinea 对天然林和人工林造成的损害急剧增加。这种升级显然与气候变化密切相关。病原体以前混淆的分类学位置已在 Botryosphaeriaceae 以及几个兄弟物种中得到明确解决。Diplodia sapinea 现在被广泛理解为健康树木中的内生菌，这对旨在了解其生物学的研究具有重要意义。重要的是，现在有强大的技术，包括利用基因组序列的技术，可用于病原体和驱动疾病爆发的因素的快速识别和群体遗传研究。

 总结

在过去的一个世纪里，D. sapinea 已经从南非非本地人工林的局部问题转变为对天然林和人工林的全球威胁，尤其是在欧洲。这篇综述强调了历史背景在理解病原体影响演变方面的重要性。它还为未来的研究工作奠定了基础，利用现代技术来解决围绕其生物学和生态学的关键问题。