Rain-induced flooding hazards are prevalent on the Loess Plateau (LP). Descriptive statistics, kernel density estimation, and geographical detector methods were used to explore the spatial and temporal distribution, driving factors, and their high-risk intervals of rain-induced flooding hazard events (RFHEs) on the LP and whether they differ across the entire LP and its ecological subregions. The findings showed that 91 RFHEs occurred mainly in the south-central LP during 2004–2020. The daily rainfall, surface relief amplitude (SRA), elevation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil texture, and population were identified as the driving factors of RFHEs on the LP. However, the driving factors of RFHEs in the Sandy and Agricultural Irrigation Regions (Subregion C), and Earth-rocky Mountainous Region and River Valley Plain Region (Subregion D) all had an added soil texture and population factor compared to the entire LP, but they lacked NDVI and SRA factors, respectively. The driving factors for the Loess Plateau Gully Region (Subregion A) lacked SRA and soil texture factors. The Loess Hilly and Gully Region (Subregion B) lacked NDVI, soil texture, and population factors. There were also differences between high-risk intervals on the LP and its subregions. The high-risk daily rainfall for the entire LP was 64.5 mm, while it was 64.5, 82.3, 14.7, and 50.0 mm for subregions A, B, C, and D, respectively. Therefore, adopting uniform standards on the LP may over-estimate or under-estimate RFHE occurrence in ecological subregions. These findings contribute to guiding decision-makers involved in ecosystem management and hazard prevention.

中文翻译：

---

黄土高原及其生态分区降雨诱发洪涝灾害事件的高风险驱动因素


降雨引发的洪水灾害在黄土高原 （LP） 很普遍。采用描述性统计、核密度估计和地理探测器方法探讨 LP 上降雨诱发的洪水灾害事件 （RFHEs） 的时空分布、驱动因素及其高风险区间，以及它们在整个 LP 及其生态亚区之间是否不同。结果显示，2004—2020 年期间，91 例 RFHE 主要发生在 LP 中南部。日降雨量、地表地势幅度 （SRA） 、海拔、归一化差值植被指数 （NDVI） 、土壤质地和人口是 LP 上 RFHE 的驱动因素。沙地和农业灌溉区 （Subarea C） 以及土石山区和河谷平原区 （Subarea D） 的 RFHE 驱动因子与整个 LP 相比都增加了土壤质地和种群因子，但它们分别缺乏 NDVI 和 SRA 因子。黄土高原沟壑区 （Subarea A） 的驱动因素缺乏 SRA 和土壤质地因素。黄土丘陵和沟壑区 （Subarea B） 缺乏 NDVI、土壤质地和种群因子。LP 及其子区域的高风险区间也存在差异。整个 LP 的高风险日降雨量为 64.5 毫米，而子区域 A、B、C 和 D 分别为 64.5、82.3、14.7 和 50.0 毫米。因此，对 LP 采用统一标准可能会高估或低估生态分区的 RFHE 发生率。这些发现有助于指导参与生态系统管理和灾害预防的决策者。