Carbon has played a pivotal role in human civilization’s advancement, owing to its ability to form strong bonds in various structures. Over the past three decades, numerous carbon-based nanoparticles (CBNs) have been developed through diverse synthesis processes. CBNs have been utilized in a wide range of applications, including biomedicine, catalysis, environmental remediation, and textiles. This paper provides a comprehensive study of the CBNs. The first section includes detailed descriptions of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoparticles, nanodiamonds, and carbon quantum dots and their properties. Also, It provides a comprehensive overview of the different synthesis methods. The third section of this paper shows the techniques used in the characterization process and the limitations of each one. The paper also supplies cross-disciplinary applications, including drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, catalysis, environmental remediation, and E-textiles. The study aims to offer a thorough evaluation of these materials, which will be valuable for future developments and broaden their range of applications.

中文翻译：

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碳基纳米结构的全面综述：性质、合成、表征和跨学科应用


碳在人类文明的进步中发挥了关键作用，因为它能够在各种结构中形成牢固的键。在过去的三十年里，通过不同的合成过程开发了许多碳基纳米颗粒 （CBN）。CBN 已用于广泛的应用，包括生物医学、催化、环境修复和纺织品。本文对 CBN 进行了全面的研究。第一部分包括富勒烯、碳纳米管、石墨烯纳米颗粒、纳米金刚石和碳量子点及其特性的详细说明。此外，它还提供了不同合成方法的全面概述。本文的第三部分介绍了表征过程中使用的技术以及每种技术的局限性。该论文还提供跨学科应用，包括药物递送、生物成像、生物传感、催化、环境修复和电子纺织品。该研究旨在对这些材料进行全面评估，这将对未来的发展很有价值，并扩大其应用范围。