Oil spills are a major cause of pollution impacting marine ecosystems. In this work, the effects of short-term exposure to three different concentrations of a hydrocarbon mixture (HC), that simulated the action of such an event, were investigated on Mytilus galloprovincialis specimens. Physiological effects were measured using a battery of biomarkers consisting of cellular activity (phagocytosis), immune-related enzymes, chaperonins (HSP70 and HSC70), and histomorphological alterations. Different concentrations of HC led to a significant decrease in phagocytosis, especially following high concentrations. Immune-related enzymes evaluated in hemolymph and digestive gland extract showed up-regulation, suggesting the activation of antioxidant, detoxicant, and inflammatory responses. Morphological alterations of digestive gland tubules were observed after exposure to the HC. HSP70 and HSC70 activity was up regulated following the treatments, indicating their involvement in maintaining organism homeostasis. In addition, the diversity and composition of hemolymph and digestive gland microbiota exposed to HC were analyzed by automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach to evaluate the connection with hydrocarbon contamination. Metagenomic analysis revealed significant differences in the hemolymph and digestive gland microbiota composition between mussels exposed and unexposed to HC. Exposure to increasing HC concentrations had a positive effect on microbial diversity with clear adaptative responses, and an increase in the relative abundance of several known degrading bacterial genera, including Alcanivorax, Roseovarius, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Oleibacter. These results show the utility of a multi-comprehensive approach to evaluating functional adaptation in terms of immunological dysfunctions and microbiota alteration in the sentinel organism M. galloprovincialis.

中文翻译：

---

一种评估地中海贻贝 Mytilus galloprovincialis （Lamarck， 1919） 对模拟柴油-油混合物泄漏的反应的多综合方法


石油泄漏是影响海洋生态系统的污染的主要原因。在这项工作中，研究了短期暴露于三种不同浓度的碳氢化合物混合物 （HC） 的影响，模拟了这种事件的作用，对 Mytilus galloprovincialis 标本的影响。使用由细胞活性 （吞噬作用） 、免疫相关酶、伴侣蛋白 （HSP70 和 HSC70） 和组织形态学改变组成的一系列生物标志物测量生理效应。不同浓度的 HC 导致吞噬作用显着降低，尤其是在高浓度后。在血淋巴和消化腺提取物中评估的免疫相关酶显示上调，表明抗氧化、解毒和炎症反应的激活。暴露于 HC 后观察到消化腺小管的形态学改变。处理后 HSP70 和 HSC70 活性上调，表明它们参与维持生物体稳态。此外，通过自动核糖体基因间隙区分析 （ARISA） 和下一代测序 （NGS） 方法分析暴露于 HC 的血淋巴和消化腺微生物群的多样性和组成，以评估与碳氢化合物污染的联系。宏基因组分析显示，暴露于和未暴露于 HC 的贻贝之间的血淋巴和消化腺微生物群组成存在显著差异。暴露于增加的 HC 浓度对微生物多样性有积极影响，具有明显的适应性反应，并且几个已知的降解细菌属的相对丰度增加，包括 Alcanivorax、Roseovarius、Pseudomonas、Vibrio、Oleibacter。 这些结果表明，在前哨生物体 M. galloprovincialis 的免疫功能障碍和微生物群改变方面，多综合方法可用于评估功能适应的效用。