SummaryProtein isoforms (PIs) play pivotal roles in regulating plant growth and development that confer adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. PIs are widely present in plants and generated through alternative splicing (AS), alternative polyadenylation (APA), alternative initiation (AI), and ribosomal frameshifting (RF) events. The widespread presence of PIs not only significantly increases the complexity of genomic information but also greatly enriches regulatory networks and enhances their flexibility. PIs may also play important roles in phenotypic diversity, ecological niche differentiation, and speciation, thereby increasing the dimensions of research in molecular ecology. However, PIs pose new challenges for the quantitative analysis, annotation, and identification of genetic regulatory mechanisms. Thus, focus on PIs make genomic and epigenomic studies both more powerful and more challenging. This review summarizes the origins, functions, regulatory patterns of isoforms, and the challenges they present for future research in molecular ecology and molecular biology.

中文翻译：

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蛋白质亚型在植物适应和发育中的作用和调控模式


摘要蛋白质亚型 （PIs） 在调节植物生长和发育方面起着关键作用，从而赋予对不同环境条件的适应性。PI 广泛存在于植物中，并通过选择性剪接 （AS）、选择性多聚腺苷酸化 （APA）、选择性起始 （AI） 和核糖体移码 （RF） 事件产生。PI 的广泛存在不仅显着增加了基因组信息的复杂性，而且还极大地丰富了调控网络并增强了其灵活性。PIs 也可能在表型多样性、生态位分化和物种形成中发挥重要作用，从而增加分子生态学研究的维度。然而，PI 对遗传调控机制的定量分析、注释和鉴定提出了新的挑战。因此，对 PI 的关注使基因组和表观基因组研究更加强大且更具挑战性。本文总结了亚型的起源、功能、调控模式，以及它们对分子生态学和分子生物学未来研究的挑战。