Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum Sacc. is a serious disease of Kinnow mandarin fruits, causing up to 90 per cent fruit rot. The use of chemical fungicides has raised concerns about residual toxicity in edible fruits. To find effective alternatives to chemical fungicides, yeasts, plant leaf extracts, and GRAS salts were investigated to determine post-harvest losses. Seven yeast isolates from different sources, nine locally available plant leaf extracts, and six GRAS salts were tested for resistance against P. digitatum under in vitro conditions. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) isolates, namely, R, BK 6, and BK 4, inhibited the pathogen hyphal growth by 66.66, 53.5 and 48.14 per cent, respectively. Aqueous plant extracts of Roylea cinerea (D. Don) Baill (Ash Roylea, 84.81 %), Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel (Curry Leaves, 78.70 %) and Mentha piperita L. (Mint, 76.47 %) were found to be effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Among the GRAS salts, salicylic acid (0.25 %), sodium bicarbonate (0.50 %) and potassium sorbate (0.75 %) completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen. The yeast, plant leaf extract (10 %) and GRAS salt (0.25 %) found to be effective under in vitro conditions were further investigated under in vivo conditions as fruit protectants to determine their effectiveness against Dactylopius digitatus to examine the target damaged areas on the fruit surface and also as fruit pastes. In fruits treated with S. cerevisiae isolate BK 6, Ashy Roylea, and salicylic acid at the affected lesion sites, the incidence was reduced by 50, 33.3, and 66.7 per cent, respectively. Similarly, fruit dip containing broth of S. cerevisiae isolate BK 6, Ashy Roylea aqueous extract, and salicylic acid reduced disease severity by 63.3, 33.3 and 78 per cent, respectively. The study found that yeast isolates and GRAS salts had a significant impact on the nutritional composition of the fruit, thereby improving the quality of Kinnow fruits. The results obtained in this study using various biological and chemical agents demonstrate the potential of a multifaceted approach as a viable alternative to synthetic fungicides. It is concluded that application of GRAS salts, botanicals and yeasts can be a promising integrated approach to manage postharvest diseases in the Citrus industry, ensuring better fruit quality and promoting environmentally friendly practices through synergistic effects, increasing the overall effectiveness of controlling postharvest diseases.

中文翻译：

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GRAS 化学品、植物药和酵母在控制 Kinnow 柑橘 （Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora） 中控制绿霉病和提高水果营养品质的功效比较


由趾状青霉菌 Sacc 引起的绿色霉菌。是 Kinnow 柑橘果实的一种严重病害，导致高达 90% 的果实腐烂。化学杀菌剂的使用引起了人们对食用水果残留毒性的担忧。为了找到化学杀菌剂的有效替代品，研究了酵母、植物叶提取物和 GRAS 盐，以确定收获后的损失。在体外条件下，对来自不同来源的 7 种酵母分离物、9 种当地可获得的植物叶提取物和 6 种 GRAS 盐进行了对趾状疟原虫的抗性测试。酿酒酵母（酵母）分离物，即 R、BK 6 和 BK 4，分别抑制了病原体菌丝生长 66.66%、53.5% 和 48.14%。发现 Roylea cinerea （D. Don） Baill （Ash Roylea， 84.81 %）、Murraya koenigii （L.） Sprengel （咖喱叶，78.70 %） 和 Mentha piperita L. （薄荷，76.47 %） 的水性植物提取物可有效抑制病原体的菌丝生长。在 GRAS 盐中，水杨酸 （0.25 %）、碳酸氢钠 （0.50 %） 和山梨酸钾 （0.75 %） 完全抑制了病原体的菌丝生长。在体内条件下进一步研究了发现在体外条件下有效的酵母、植物叶提取物 （10%） 和 GRAS 盐 （0.25%） 作为水果保护剂，以确定它们对 Dactylopius digitatus 的有效性，以检查水果表面的目标受损区域以及作为水果酱。在受影响的病灶部位用酿酒酵母分离物 BK 6、Ashy Roylea 和水杨酸处理的果实中，发病率分别降低了 50%、33.3% 和 66.7%。同样，含有酿酒酵母分离物 BK 6、Ashy Roylea 水提取物和水杨酸的水果蘸酱将疾病严重程度降低了 63.3， 33。分别为 3% 和 78%。研究发现，酵母分离物和 GRAS 盐对水果的营养成分有显着影响，从而提高了 Kinnow 水果的品质。本研究使用各种生物和化学试剂获得的结果证明了多方面方法作为合成杀菌剂的可行替代品的潜力。结论是，GRAS 盐、植物药和酵母的应用可以成为管理柑橘行业采后病害的一种很有前途的综合方法，确保更好的水果质量，并通过协同效应促进环保实践，提高控制采后病害的整体效果。