The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has resulted in a significant increase in the production of metal oxide nanoparticles, which are increasingly released into the environment. Due to their widespread distribution, evaluating the potential toxicity of these particles is essential. Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs), in particular, are widely used in various industries and consumer products. Basil, a valuable medicinal herb known for its essential oils and antioxidants, has numerous health benefits. The impact of Al2O3 NPs on plants remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the effect of different concentrations of Al2O3 NPs and their bulk form (AlCl3; BP) on the growth of red Rubin and sweet basil cultivars in vitro, focusing on the induction of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant responses. Growth parameters were adversely affected by variations in cultivar, Al particle size, and concentration. The highest reductions occurred at 200 mg L−1 NPs or BPs, with decreases of up to 69.34 % for red Rubin and 63.33 % for sweet basil. Al NPs and BPs reduced chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid levels. These pigments showed the highest decreases at 200 mg L−1, with reductions of up to 81.92 % for red Rubin and 75.96 % for sweet basil. Al NPs and BPs compromised membrane integrity, inducing oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased electrolyte leakage, UV-absorbing compounds, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. The phenolic and amino acid concentrations in red Rubin basil leaves and roots decreased in response to increasing NP concentrations, while the opposite trend was observed for BPs. Conversely, sweet basil showed a consistent upward trend in phenolic and amino acid levels as Al concentrations increased, irrespective of particle form. The content of soluble proteins in basil leaves and roots declined as the concentrations of NPs and BPs increased. Enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), increased in basil leaves and roots when exposed to rising concentrations of NPs and BPs. Catalase (CAT) activity increased in red Rubin leaves and roots but decreased in sweet basil leaves and roots, with rising concentrations of NPs and BPs. The observed variations in leaf and root growth between the two basil cultivars exposed to different concentrations of Al NPs and BPs suggest that cultivar physiology and particle characteristics play a role. Additional studies are required to clarify these mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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用氧化铝纳米颗粒在体外改变罗勒品种的生长和抗氧化反应


纳米技术的快速发展导致金属氧化物纳米颗粒的产量显着增加，这些纳米颗粒越来越多地释放到环境中。由于它们分布广泛，评估这些颗粒的潜在毒性至关重要。尤其是氧化铝纳米颗粒 （Al2O3 NPs），广泛用于各种行业和消费品。罗勒是一种有价值的药草，以其精油和抗氧化剂而闻名，具有许多健康益处。Al2O3 NPs 对植物的影响在很大程度上仍未得到探索。本研究调查了不同浓度的 Al2O3 NPs 及其块体形式 （AlCl3;BP） 对红红红和甜罗勒品种的体外生长，侧重于诱导非酶和酶抗氧化反应。生长参数受到品种、Al 粒径和浓度变化的不利影响。在 200 mg L-1 NPs 或 BPs 时降低幅度最大，红红鲁宾降低高达 69.34 %，甜罗勒降低高达 63.33 %。Al NPs 和 BPs 降低了叶绿素 a、b 和类胡萝卜素水平。这些色素在 200 mg L-1 时表现出最大的下降，红红宝石的减少高达 81.92%，甜罗勒的减少高达 75.96%。Al NPs 和 BPs 损害了膜的完整性，诱导了氧化应激，电解质泄漏、紫外线吸收化合物、丙二醛 （MDA） 和过氧化氢 （H2O2） 水平增加证明了这一点。红鲁宾罗勒叶和根中的酚类和氨基酸浓度随着 NP 浓度的增加而降低，而 BPs 则呈相反趋势。 相反，随着 Al 浓度的增加，甜罗勒的酚类和氨基酸水平呈持续上升趋势，与颗粒形式无关。随着 NPs 和 BPs 浓度的增加，罗勒叶片和根中可溶性蛋白的含量下降。当暴露于 NPs 和 BPs 浓度升高时，罗勒叶片和根中的酶活性，包括超氧化物歧化酶 （SOD）、过氧化物酶 （POD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 （APX）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶 （PAL） 和多酚氧化酶 （PPO） 在罗勒叶和根中增加。过氧化氢酶 （CAT） 活性在红鲁宾叶和根中增加，但在甜罗勒叶和根中降低，NPs 和 BPs 浓度升高。观察到的两个罗勒品种在暴露于不同浓度的 Al NPs 和 BPs 的叶片和根系生长的变化表明，栽培品种的生理学和颗粒特性起着一定的作用。需要更多的研究来阐明这些机制。