Due to excessive population, urbanization and economic development, energy demand and its subsequent resource utilization and waste generation has increased which leads to environmental and social impacts. Unsegregated household waste or confused waste (CW), a major contributor of municipal solid waste (MSW) possesses the maximum threat to environment. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) with CW as heterogeneous feedstock, forms an integrated solution in addressing all of the above problems. Thus, HTL of CW is investigated in detail to obtain high yields of the desired liquid product. A maximum yield of 45.83 % was obtained at a temperature of 340 °C at a residence time of 60 min, when the aqueous phase is recirculated in place of hydrothermal medium at a ratio of 12 ml/g. At these conditions, GCMS analysis of bio-oil depicted a high hydrocarbons content with both higher and lower ends, thus resulting in a superior crude formation. The elemental recovery analysis depicted around 60 % recovery of carbon and 50 % recovery of hydrogen in the bio-oil. The energy recovery percentage and energy conversion ratio for HTL of CW were determined to be 70 % and 0.60, whereas the energy feasibility of the process was ascertained by a net energy ratio (NER) of 10.2. HTL was investigated for the amount of GHGs emitted during its conversion and usage stage, and was found to be 3000 g CO2 eq emitted/kg of solid waste. Also, these GHG emissions were compared against the currently available solid waste management technology and the obtained results were found to be on par with the incineration process and significantly lower than pyrolysis and landfill technology.

中文翻译：

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混杂废物水热液化为生物油：元素和能量回收的研究


由于人口过剩、城市化和经济发展，能源需求及其随之而来的资源利用和废物产生增加，从而导致环境和社会影响。未分类的生活垃圾或混淆垃圾 （CW） 是城市固体废物 （MSW） 的主要贡献者，对环境的威胁最大。以 CW 作为非均相原料的水热液化 （HTL） 形成了解决上述所有问题的综合解决方案。因此，详细研究了 CW 的 HTL 以获得所需液体产品的高产率。在 340 °C 的温度下，停留时间为 60 分钟，此时水相以 12 ml/g 的比例代替热液介质再循环，获得 45.83% 的最大产率。在这些条件下，生物油的 GCMS 分析表明，碳氢化合物含量较高，具有较高和较低的水平，从而形成优质的原油。元素回收分析显示，生物油中的碳回收率约为 60%，氢回收率约为 50%。CW 的 HTL 的能量回收百分比和能量转换率被确定为 70% 和 0.60，而该过程的能源可行性由 10.2 的净能量比 （NER） 确定。对 HTL 在其转化和使用阶段排放的温室气体量进行了调查，发现每公斤固体废物排放 3000 克二氧化碳当量。此外，将这些温室气体排放与目前可用的固体废物管理技术进行了比较，发现获得的结果与焚烧过程相当，并且明显低于热解和填埋技术。