The issue of crowd evacuation during sudden floods in subway stations has gained increasing attention in recent years. However, previous studies have not sufficiently examined the influence of flood flow characteristics, such as location and velocity, on pedestrian evacuation. This gap has limited the effectiveness of current flood evacuation models for subway stations, restricting their utility in formulating robust emergency evacuation strategies. In response, this paper introduces a modified social force model that integrates the combined effects of flood flow depth and velocity at various station locations on pedestrian movement, while also accounting for the role of obstacles during flood evacuation. A case study of an actual subway station under flood conditions demonstrates that flow presence notably reduces evacuation efficiency, with varying effects depending on location. Evacuation efficiency generally declines initially before improving as flood conditions persist, reaching its lowest point at a platform flood velocity of 0.5 m/s and highest at 2 m/s. On staircases and escalators, increased flood flow velocity correlates with reduced evacuation success rate. In terms of emergency response, strategically placing obstacles in flooded areas enhances evacuation efficiency, reducing evacuation time by up to 16.1 % and improving the success rate by as much as 17.8 %. The key contribution of this study is the introduction of a new methodology for flood evacuation research in subway stations, offering a scientific basis for designing effective emergency evacuation plans and safety measures.

中文翻译：

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基于改进社会力模型的地铁洪水疏散模拟


近年来，地铁站突发洪水期间的人群疏散问题越来越受到关注。然而，以前的研究没有充分检验洪水流特征（例如位置和速度）对行人疏散的影响。这一差距限制了当前地铁站洪水疏散模型的有效性，限制了它们在制定稳健的紧急疏散策略方面的效用。作为回应，本文引入了一种改进的社会力量模型，该模型整合了不同车站位置的洪水流深度和速度对行人运动的综合影响，同时还考虑了洪水疏散过程中障碍物的作用。洪水条件下实际地铁站的案例研究表明，水流的存在会显著降低疏散效率，其影响因位置而异。疏散效率通常最初会下降，然后随着洪水情况的持续而提高，在 0.5 m/s 的平台洪水速度处达到最低点，在 2 m/s 时达到最高点。在楼梯和自动扶梯上，洪水流速增加与疏散成功率降低相关。在应急响应方面，在洪水地区战略性地设置障碍物可以提高疏散效率，将疏散时间缩短多达 16.1 %，成功率提高多达 17.8 %。本研究的主要贡献是引入了一种地铁车站洪水疏散研究的新方法，为设计有效的紧急疏散计划和安全措施提供了科学依据。