The substantial contribution of northern forest growth to the global increase of biomass carbon stock is well documented. However, the ecological consequences of pest‐ and disease‐related losses in these forests have not received comparable attention. This study highlights that pine species are major contributors to carbon stocks in Northern Hemisphere. The total carbon storage of Pinus in the Northern Hemisphere was estimated at 70,726 teragrams of carbon (TgC; 17.7% of the total forest carbon 478,012 TgC), accounting for 4.9%, 28.4%, and 12.5% of the total carbon storage in the forests of Asia, Europe, and North America, respectively. However, pine trees were under threat from an invasive complex involving the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and Japanese pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus spp.). Since 1977, this complex resulted in a carbon sink deficit of 1857 TgC (18% of the carbon currently stored in Europe's live tree biomass) in northern pine ecosystems. The carbon losses attributed to B. xylophilus exceeded those caused by wildfires, which are typically regarded as the primary factor of forest disturbances. Furthermore, the contributions of environmental variables indicate that the expected northward shift in precipitation patterns will exacerbate B. xylophilus threats, endangering 78% of the boreal forests across Eurasia by 2100. Among these high‐risk areas, 62% contributed significantly to global carbon sink, and 42% was protected forests. Following the present trend, carbon losses caused by the B. xylophilus complex could exceed 39% of the total carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems. This study provides comprehensive datasets that detail the global distribution and high‐risk habitats of pine species and B. xylophilus vector beetles in affected countries. Our findings underscore the substantial risk of carbon losses posed by B. xylophilus to northern pine forests, with potential implications for global carbon dynamics and the achievement of international goals related to “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality.”

中文翻译：

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全球松树林业碳汇对入侵性病原体-媒介系统的脆弱性


北部森林生长对全球生物量碳储量增加的巨大贡献是有据可查的。然而，这些森林中病虫害相关损失的生态后果并未得到同等的关注。本研究强调，松树物种是北半球碳储量的主要贡献者。北半球松树的总碳储量估计为 70,726 太克碳 （TgC;占森林总碳 478,012 TgC 的 17.7%），分别占亚洲、欧洲和北美森林总碳储量的 4.9%、28.4% 和 12.5%。然而，松树受到涉及松木线虫 （Bursaphelenchus xylophilus） 和日本松锯木甲虫 （Monochamus spp.） 的入侵复合物的威胁。自 1977 年以来，这种复合体导致北方松树生态系统的碳汇赤字为 1857 TgC（占目前欧洲活树生物量中储存的碳的 18%）。归因于嗜松芽孢杆菌的碳损失超过了野火造成的碳损失，而野火通常被认为是森林干扰的主要因素。此外，环境变量的贡献表明，预期的降水模式北移将加剧嗜松芽孢杆菌的威胁，到 2100 年危及欧亚大陆 78% 的北方森林。在这些高风险地区中，62% 对全球碳汇做出了重大贡献，42% 是受保护的森林。按照目前的趋势，由松木芽孢杆菌复合体引起的碳损失可能超过陆地生态系统总碳储量的 39%。本研究提供了全面的数据集，详细介绍了松树物种和 B 的全球分布和高风险栖息地。 受影响国家的嗜木虫媒介甲虫。我们的研究结果强调了 B. xylophilus 对北方松树林构成碳损失的巨大风险，对全球碳动态和实现“碳达峰”和“碳中和”相关国际目标具有潜在影响。”