To reduce the charging time of lithium-ion batteries, we propose a surface-engineering technique for improving the sluggish interfacial reactions of commercial graphite anodes. Titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticles are integrated onto graphite particles as a functional promoter by using an Mg-assisted nitriding process combined with a molten salt method. Unlike conventional nitriding processes, this synthesis method ensures enhanced safety and efficiency because it does not require the use of ammonia gas. Moreover, the molten-salt method facilitates a uniform and scalable production process. The TiN nanoparticles effectively reduce the interfacial resistance on the graphite surface due to its low Li⁺ adsorption energy (−2.0 eV) and provide excellent electrical conductivity (∼10⁶ S cm⁻¹) during cycling. Furthermore, the partial conversion of TiN nanoparticles leads to the formation of highly conductive Li₃N–TiN clusters, which effectively modify the physicochemical properties of the graphite surface to enhance Li⁺ conduction. Notably, a full-cell configured with a TiN-coated graphite anode exhibits fast-charging performance, reaching 80% of the state of charge within just 16 min. It also maintains a stable cycling performance over 300 cycles under fast-charging conditions (i.e., 3C charging and 1C discharging). The full cell retains a high reversible capacity (93.5%) after 300 cycles, with no evidence of undesirable Li plating on the graphite surface.

中文翻译：

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导电 TiN 网络辅助锂离子电池快速充电


为了减少锂离子电池的充电时间，我们提出了一种表面工程技术来改善商用石墨阳极的缓慢界面反应。氮化钛 （TiN） 纳米颗粒通过使用 Mg 辅助氮化工艺结合熔盐法作为功能促进剂整合到石墨颗粒上。与传统的渗氮工艺不同，这种合成方法不需要使用氨气，因此确保了更高的安全性和效率。此外，熔盐法有助于实现统一且可扩展的生产过程。TiN 纳米颗粒由于其低 Li⁺ 吸附能 （-2.0 eV） 而有效降低了石墨表面的界面电阻，并在循环过程中提供出色的导电性 （∼10⁶ S ^cm-1）。此外，TiN 纳米颗粒的部分转化导致形成高导电性的 Li₃N-TiN 团簇，有效地改变了石墨表面的物理化学性质，增强了 Li⁺ 导电性。值得注意的是，配置了 TiN 涂层石墨阳极的全电池表现出快速充电性能，可在短短 16 分钟内达到 80% 的充电状态。它还在快速充电条件下（即 3C 充电和 1C 放电）保持稳定的循环性能超过 300 次。整个电池在 300 次循环后仍保持高可逆容量 （93.5%），石墨表面没有不良锂镀层的迹象。