Sensors are important for a wide variety of applications include medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Due to their long photon confinement times, whispering gallery mode sensors are among the most sensitive sensors currently in existence. We briefly discuss what are whispering gallery mode sensors, the principles of whispering gallery mode sensing, and the history of the field, beginning with Mie theory. We discuss recent work in the field on using these whispering gallery mode resonators as sensors, focusing particularly on biological and chemical sensing applications. We discuss how sensorgrams are acquired and fundamental measurement limits. In addition, we discuss how to interpret binding curves and extract physical parameters such as binding affinity constants. We discuss the controversy surrounding single-molecule detection and discuss hybrid whispering gallery mode nanoparticle sensors. In addition, we place these sensors in context with others sensing technologies both labeled and label-free. Finally, we discuss what we believe are the most promising applications for these devices, outline remaining challenges, and provide an outlook for the future. .

中文翻译：

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用于生物和化学检测的耳语廊模式光学谐振器：当前实践、未来前景和挑战。


传感器对于包括医疗诊断和环境监测在内的各种应用都非常重要。由于光子限制时间长，耳语画廊模式传感器是目前存在的最灵敏的传感器之一。我们从 Mie 理论开始，简要讨论了什么是耳语画廊模式传感器、耳语画廊模式传感的原理以及该领域的历史。我们讨论了该领域使用这些耳语廊模式谐振器作为传感器的最新工作，特别关注生物和化学传感应用。我们讨论了如何获取传感器图和基本测量限值。此外，我们还讨论了如何解释结合曲线并提取物理参数，例如结合亲和常数。我们讨论了围绕单分子检测的争议，并讨论了混合耳语画廊模式纳米粒子传感器。此外，我们将这些传感器与其他有标签和无标签传感技术放在一起。最后，我们讨论了我们认为这些设备最有前途的应用，概述了仍然存在的挑战，并对未来进行了展望。.