Wearable sensors are a recent paradigm in healthcare, enabling continuous, decentralized, and non- or minimally invasive monitoring of health and disease. Continuous measurements yield information-rich time series of physiological data that are holistic and clinically meaningful. Although most wearable sensors were initially restricted to biophysical measurements, the next generation of wearable devices is now emerging that enable biochemical monitoring of both small and large molecules in a variety of body fluids, such as sweat, breath, saliva, tears and interstitial fluid. Rapidly evolving data analysis and decision-making technologies through artificial intelligence has accelerated the application of wearables around the world. Although recent pilot trials have demonstrated the clinical applicability of these wearable devices, their widespread adoption will require large-scale validation across various conditions, ethical consideration and sociocultural acceptance. Successful translation of wearable devices from laboratory prototypes into clinical tools will further require a comprehensive transitional environment involving all stakeholders. The wearable device platforms must gain acceptance among different user groups, add clinical value for various medical indications, be eligible for reimbursements and contribute to public health initiatives. In this Perspective, we review state-of-the-art wearable devices for body-fluid analysis and their translation into clinical applications, and provide insight into their clinical purpose.

可穿戴传感器是医疗保健领域的最新范例，可实现对健康和疾病的连续、分散和非侵入性或微创监测。连续测量会产生信息丰富的生理数据时间序列，这些数据是整体的和具有临床意义的。尽管大多数可穿戴传感器最初仅限于生物物理测量，但现在正在出现下一代可穿戴设备，它们能够对各种体液中的小分子和大分子进行生化监测，例如汗液、呼吸、唾液、眼泪和间质液。通过人工智能快速发展的数据分析和决策技术加速了可穿戴设备在全球的应用。尽管最近的试点试验已经证明了这些可穿戴设备的临床适用性，但它们的广泛采用需要在各种条件下进行大规模验证、道德考虑和社会文化接受度。将可穿戴设备从实验室原型成功转化为临床工具将进一步需要一个涉及所有利益相关者的全面过渡环境。可穿戴设备平台必须获得不同用户群体的接受，为各种医疗适应症增加临床价值，有资格获得报销，并为公共卫生计划做出贡献。在本期报告中，我们回顾了用于体液分析的最先进的可穿戴设备及其在临床应用中的转化，并提供了对其临床用途的见解。