Water scarcity affects a significant portion of the global population, with two-thirds experiencing at least 1 month of water scarcity annually. To address this issue, research efforts have focused on developing renewable solar-driven desalination and atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technologies. However, existing energy-free freshwater harvesting methods are limited by weather conditions and time constraints, hindering their widespread applications. In this critical review, we explore the potential application and research efforts aimed at achieving a full-day (24 h) water supply to enhance their commercial viability. We begin by discussing the material design for solar-driven 3D evaporators, highlighting their potential for water supply during both daytime and nighttime. Subsequently, we delve into promising materials and devices for developing full-day AWH technologies, including fog harvesting, dewing-condensation water harvesting, and adsorption-based water harvesting. Moreover, we examine hybrid water harvesting techniques that combine AWH with solar-driven desalination, highlighting promising material designs to fulfill dual functionality. Finally, we outline the remaining challenges and offer our insights to stimulate further breakthroughs in achieving a year-round full-day water supply. By advancing these technologies and overcoming existing limitations, we can make significant progress in alleviating water scarcity worldwide.

中文翻译：

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全天和全年淡水收集技术的进步：材料和技术


水资源短缺影响了全球人口的很大一部分，三分之二的人每年至少经历 1 个月的缺水。为了解决这个问题，研究工作集中在开发可再生太阳能驱动的海水淡化和大气水收集 （AWH） 技术上。然而，现有的无能耗淡水收集方法受到天气条件和时间限制的限制，阻碍了其广泛应用。在这篇批判性综述中，我们探讨了旨在实现全天 （24 小时） 供水以提高其商业可行性的潜在应用和研究工作。我们首先讨论了太阳能驱动的 3D 蒸发器的材料设计，重点介绍了它们在白天和夜间供水的潜力。随后，我们深入研究了有前途的材料和设备，用于开发全天 AWH 技术，包括雾收集、结露冷凝水收集和基于吸附的水收集。此外，我们研究了将 AWH 与太阳能驱动海水淡化相结合的混合水收集技术，强调了实现双重功能的有前途的材料设计。最后，我们概述了仍然存在的挑战，并提供了我们的见解，以激发在实现全年全天供水方面的进一步突破。通过推进这些技术并克服现有限制，我们可以在缓解全球水资源短缺方面取得重大进展。