Extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a terrific arsenal for the design of next-generation nanovaccines, owing to several favorable features, such as excellent safety, immunostimulatory properties, lymphatic targeting ability, antigen-presentation capacity, facile modification characteristics, longer shelf-lives in vivo, and simpler good manufacturing practices handling procedures than cell-based vaccines. Here, we endeavor to summarize the state-of-the-art achievements in EV-based vaccines, particularly those aimed at immunizing against infectious pathogens and cancers. The emerging strategies for genetically or non-genetically engineering EVs to be loaded with antigenic proteins and antigen-encoding RNAs are highlighted. For each methodology, the rationale underlying its development is elaborated. In addition, EV biogenesis, cargo sorting, and immunomodulatory roles are discussed, as well as the clinical translation, latest industrial pipelines, current challenges, and envisioned directions for EV vaccines. This review may offer insights into the rational design of EVs as a cutting-edge vaccine platform to stimulate potent, broad, and long-lasting immunity.

中文翻译：

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工程化细胞外囊泡作为下一代疫苗平台


细胞外囊泡 （EV） 为下一代纳米疫苗的设计提供了极好的武器库，因为它具有几个有利的特性，例如出色的安全性、免疫刺激特性、淋巴靶向能力、抗原呈递能力、简单的修饰特性、更长的体内保质期 以及比基于细胞的疫苗更简单的良好生产规范处理程序。在这里，我们努力总结基于 EV 的疫苗的最新成就，特别是那些旨在免疫感染性病原体和癌症的疫苗。强调了基因或非基因工程 EV 加载抗原蛋白和抗原编码 RNA 的新兴策略。对于每种方法，都详细说明了其开发的基本原理。此外，还讨论了 EV 生物合成、货物分拣和免疫调节作用，以及 EV 疫苗的临床转化、最新的工业管道、当前挑战和设想的方向。这篇综述可能会为 EV 作为刺激有效、广泛和持久免疫的尖端疫苗平台的合理设计提供见解。