Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis have become prevalent methods for treating inland wastewater because of superior separation efficiency and operational simplicity, yet they produce highly polluting membrane concentrates (e.g., from municipal potable water and municipal and industrial wastewater) containing biological, organic, and salt pollutants. Managing membrane concentrates poses significant challenges, often resulting in underutilization of their valuable components. This paper discusses strategies for reducing, rendering harmless, and utilizing resources from membrane concentrates, along with their future development trends. Methods for reducing membrane concentrate formation, such as optimizing operational modes and membrane modification, are examined. Generally, the preprocessing methods can be used as an oxidation pretreatment to improve the removal of macromolecular pollutants in the membrane concentrates, and provide conditions for the targeted removal of non-biodegradability emerging contaminants by free radicals in the oxidation process. The biological treatment further treats biodegradable pollutants. Finally, biosafety and water quality can be guaranteed through the membrane process, so as to achieve near-zero emissions. Resource recovery options include the production of salt crystals (e.g., potassium and magnesium phosphate, hydroxyapatite), microalgae resources, and others. Additionally, non-chemical pretreatment before membrane processing is proposed to simplify the treatment of membrane concentrates. A new analytic hierarchy process aids in selecting appropriate treatment and resource utilization processes for membrane concentrates. Furthermore, there is a call for the establishment and reinforcement of water quality legislation to address emerging contaminants in membrane concentrates, as well as regulations governing the purity of resources such as salts recovered from membrane concentrates.

中文翻译：

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内陆纳滤与反渗透膜浓缩液管理研究进展：处理、资源化回收及未来发展


纳滤和反渗透因其卓越的分离效率和操作简单性而成为处理内陆废水的普遍方法，但它们会产生含有生物、有机和盐污染物的高污染膜浓缩物（例如，来自城市饮用水以及城市和工业废水）。管理膜浓缩物带来了重大挑战，通常会导致其有价值的成分未得到充分利用。本文讨论了减少、无害和利用膜浓缩物资源的策略，以及它们的未来发展趋势。研究了减少膜浓缩物形成的方法，例如优化操作模式和膜修饰。通常，预处理方法可以作为氧化预处理，以提高膜浓缩物中大分子污染物的去除率，并为氧化过程中自由基有针对性地去除不可生物降解的新兴污染物提供条件。生物处理进一步处理可生物降解的污染物。最后，通过膜工艺可以保证生物安全和水质，从而实现近零排放。资源回收选项包括盐晶体（例如磷酸钾和磷酸镁、羟基磷灰石）、微藻资源等的生产。此外，建议在膜处理前进行非化学预处理，以简化膜浓缩物的处理。新的分析层次结构过程有助于为膜浓缩物选择合适的处理和资源利用过程。 此外，呼吁建立和加强水质立法，以解决膜浓缩物中新出现的污染物，以及管理资源纯度的法规，例如从膜浓缩物中回收的盐。