Carbonated melts play a significant role in mobilizing lithophile and volatile elements in the Earth’s mantle and mantle metasomatism. However, there has been limited investigation into their potential for mobilizing chalcophile and siderophile elements(CSEs). In this study, we experimentally determine the sulfide liquid–carbonated melt partition coefficients of CSEs (DCSESul/C_melt) for a range of elements, including Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Re, and Pb, at 1300–1600 °C, 1.0–3.0 GPa, andoxygen fugacity (fO2) close to the graphite-CO2 fluid buffer. Furthermore, the DSul/C_melt values for lithophile elements Cr, Mn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ba, Hf, and Ta (DLithoESul/C_melt) are also determined. The obtained DCSESul/C_melt values are 34–1230 for Co, 380–75200 for Ni, 200–14900 for Cu and Ag, 0.5–28 for Zn and Mo, 42–98 for Se, 24–640 for Cd, 5–52 for In and Sn, 650–15200 for Re, and 22–2470 for Pb. The obtained DLithoESul/C_melt values are below 1–10. The variations of DCSESul/C_melt and DLithoESul/C_melt are primarily influenced by the FeOtot content in the carbonated melts. A partitioning model was developed to parameterize DCSESul/C_melt and DLithoESul/C_melt as a multi-function of pressure, temperature, composition of the carbonated melt (mainly the FeOtot content), and composition of the sulfide liquid. Our parameterization can explain the observed large variations of DCSESul/C_melt and DLithoESul/C_melt for most of the trace elements studied. Using our DCSESul/C_melt parameterization, we model the CSE and U–Th contents of low-degree partial melts of carbonated mantle peridotite and slab eclogite with sulfur concentrations ranging from 50 to 500 µg/g. The modeling results can generally explain the trace element patterns observed in natural kimberlites and carbonatites; however, the peridotite- or slab-derived carbonated melts have a low capability in mobilizing CSEs, which can extract less than 3 % of Cu, Ni, Co, Re, and Os, 3–30 % of Mo, Pb, and Se, but up to 30–50 % U and Th from the source lithology. Consequently, the influence of carbonatite metasomatism on the Cu, Ni, Co, Re, and Os systematics of the Earth’s mantle is minimal, although local enrichments of CSEs may occur when sulfides precipitate from carbonated melts. Because of the elevated concentrations of U and Th and the corresponding U/Pb and Th/Pb ratios in the carbonated melts, the mantle lithology that has undergone metasomatism by these melts can become a geochemical reservoir with high 208Pb/206Pb ratios. However, the effect of carbonatite metasomatism on Re–Os isotopic systems of the mantle is minimal due to the low Re concentrations in the carbonated melts. Accordingly, the radiogenic Pb–Os isotopic signatures of HIMU ocean island basalts cannot be explained solely by carbonatite metasomatism in the mantle.

中文翻译：

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硫化物液体和碳酸熔体之间亲铁元素 （CSE） 的分配


碳酸熔体在动员地幔和地幔交代作用中的亲岩元素和挥发性元素方面起着重要作用。然而，对它们动员亲玉碱和嗜铁元素 （CSE） 的潜力的研究有限。在这项研究中，我们实验确定了 CSE 对一系列元素的硫化物液-碳酸熔体分配系数 （DCSESul/C_melt），包括 Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Se、Mo、Ag、Cd、In、Sn、Re 和 Pb，在 1300-1600 °C、1.0-3.0 GPa 和氧逸度 （fO2） 靠近石墨-CO2 流体缓冲液。此外，还测定了亲石元素 Cr、Mn、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Cs、Ba、Hf 和 Ta 的 DSul/C_melt 值 （DLithoESul/C_melt）。获得的 DCSESul/C_melt 值为 Co 为 34-1230，Ni 为 380-75200，Cu 和 Ag 为 200-14900，Zn 和 Mo 为 0.5-28，Se 为 42-98，Cd 为 24-640，In和 Sn 为 5-52，Re 为 650-15200，Pb 为 22-2470。获得的 DLithoESul/C_melt 值低于 1-10。DCSESul/C_melt 和 DLithoESul/C_melt 的变化主要受碳酸熔体中 FeOtot 含量的影响。开发了一个分区模型，将 DCSESul/C_melt 和 DLithoESul/C_melt 参数化为压力、温度、碳酸盐熔体成分（主要是 FeOtot 含量）和硫化物液体成分的多功能。我们的参数化可以解释观察到的大多数痕量元素的 DCSESul/C_melt 和 DLithoESul/C_melt 的巨大变化。使用我们的 DCSESul/C_melt 参数化，我们模拟了硫浓度范围为 50 至 500 μg/g 的碳酸盐地幔橄榄岩和板条榴辉岩的低度部分熔融的 CSE 和 U-Th 含量。 建模结果通常可以解释在天然金伯利岩和碳酸盐岩中观察到的微量元素模式;然而，橄榄岩或板状衍生的碳酸盐熔体在移动 CSE 方面的能力很低，它可以从源岩性中提取不到 3% 的铜、镍、钴、钴和铈，3-30% 的钼、铅和硒，但高达 30-50% 的铀和铍。因此，碳酸盐岩交代作用对地幔的 Cu、Ni、Co、Re 和 Os 系统学的影响很小，尽管当硫化物从碳酸盐熔体中沉淀时，可能会发生 CSE 的局部富集。由于碳酸盐熔体中 U 和 Th 的浓度升高以及相应的 U/Pb 和 Th/Pb 比值，这些熔体发生交代作用的地幔岩性可以成为 208Pb/206Pb 高比的地球化学储层。然而，由于碳酸盐熔体中的 Re 浓度较低，碳酸盐岩交代作用对地幔的 Re-Os 同位素系统的影响很小。因此，HIMU 海岛玄武岩的放射性 Pb-Os 同位素特征不能仅用地幔中的碳酸盐岩交代作用来解释。