Optimizing fertilizer and water application and using standardized and clean production methods are important for achieving green and sustainable agricultural development. The study was conducted from 2018 to 2021, arranged in a split-plot experimental design. Three fertilization levels (main plots) and four supplementary irrigation treatments (secondary plots) were set through three consecutive years of field positioning experiments. Chemical compound fertilizer application levels were 750 kg ha−1 (F1), 600 kg ha−1 (F2), 450 kg ha−1 (F3). Irrigation levels were as follows: no irrigation during the whole growth period after emergence (W0), irrigation only at jointing stage (W1), irrigation at jointing and anthesis stage (W2), irrigation at greening, jointing and anthesis stage (W3). The results indicated that the stem length of the base increased with the increase of irrigation and water and fertilizer, especially on the base stem node. There was a significant interaction between different fertilizer and water treatments. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between stem strength and the stem lodging index. After anthesis, the lodging index was significantly lower in the F2 treatment than that in the F1 treatment. Moreover, the contribution of dry matter accumulation to the grain before anthesis was significantly higher under the W2 treatment than that under the W3 treatment but was significantly lower than that under the W0 treatment. Furthermore, the W2 treatment exhibited significantly greater fertilizer and water effects than those under the W3 treatment, irrigation benefit increased by 10.39 kg ha−1 mm−1, whereas the F2 treatment exhibited significantly greater effects than those of the F1 treatment. In terms of yield, grain yield of F2W2 treatment was significantly higher than that of F3W1 treatment. The maximum yield of F2W2 treatment over three years was 9900.05 kg ha−1. Therefore, reducing the amount of fertilizer and adjusting the irrigation regimes can enhance wheat growth and yield and mitigate the risk of lodging in the field.

中文翻译：

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通过施肥量和灌溉阶段调控小麦的茎秆特性和产量，提高种植效率，降低倒伏风险


优化肥料和水的施用，采用标准化和清洁的生产方法，对于实现绿色和可持续的农业发展非常重要。该研究于 2018 年至 2021 年进行，采用分图实验设计。通过连续三年的田间定位实验，确定了 3 个施肥水平（主地）和 4 个补充灌溉处理（次地）。化合物肥料施用水平为 750 kg ha-1 （F1）、600 kg ha-1 （F2）、450 kg ha-1 （F3）。灌溉水平为：出苗后整个生育期不灌水（W0），仅拔节期灌溉（W1），拔节期和开花期灌水（W2），绿化、拔节和开花期灌水（W3）。结果表明：随着灌溉和水肥的增加，基部茎长增加，尤其是基部茎节。不同的肥料和水处理之间存在显着的交互作用。相关性分析显示，茎强度与茎倒伏指数呈显著负相关。开花后，F2 处理的倒伏指数显著低于 F1 处理。此外，W2 处理下干物质积累对开花前籽粒的贡献显著高于 W3 处理，但显著低于 W0 处理。此外，W2 处理表现出的肥料和水影响明显大于 W3 处理，灌溉效益增加了 10.39 kg ha-1 mm-1，而 F2 处理表现出的效果显著大于 F1 处理。 在产量方面，F2W2 处理的籽粒产量显著高于 F3W1 处理。F2W2 处理三年的最大产量为 9900.05 kg ha-1。因此，减少肥料用量和调整灌溉制度可以提高小麦的生长和产量，并降低田间倒伏的风险。