Zebra mussel infestation has become a serious problem affecting pressurized networks. Larvae settle in pipeline walls creating relevant obstructions to flow as they grow and develop shells. Oxidant injections in the stream are commonly used to control the infestation. A model is proposed for simulating the transportation, settlement and death of mussels in pressurized networks. This model is coupled to a solute transport, diffusion, and decay model of oxidant chemicals. During the analyzed irrigation campaigns, the larvae entry was monitored at various intervals. These data, showing high variability, were used as input to the model using different scenarios averaging and modifying the time distribution of larvae concentration. Simulations predicted similar mussel settlement patterns across all scenarios, suggesting that network morphology and total larval abundance primarily influence settlement distribution. We compared the effectiveness of continuous and intermittent oxidant applications. Continuous treatments were the most effective (up to 99%), but required up to 3.5 kg ha−1 of chlorine. Reasonable control could also be attained with short injections (1 to 3 h) just before the peak irrigation service discharge, leading to up to 93% of chlorine savings and reaching similar mortality rates. The model was also used to estimate the larvae and chlorine export to on-farm irrigation systems through hydrants and to evaluate strategies for mitigating the risks of on-farm infestation and environmental impact. The protection of on-farm irrigation systems required additional chlorine input. The model can be parametrized to simulate similar species in different types of pressurized networks, using different chemicals for treatment.

中文翻译：

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集体加压灌溉网络中斑马贻贝和氯的耦合模型


斑马贻贝侵扰已成为影响加压网络的严重问题。幼虫在管道壁中定居，在它们生长和发育壳时形成相关的流动障碍。溪流中的氧化剂注射通常用于控制侵扰。提出了一种模拟贻贝在加压网络中运输、沉降和死亡的模型。该模型与氧化剂化学品的溶质传输、扩散和衰变模型耦合。在分析的灌溉活动期间，以不同的时间间隔监测幼虫的进入。这些数据显示出高可变性，使用不同的情景平均和修改幼虫浓度的时间分布，将其用作模型的输入。模拟预测了所有情景中相似的贻贝定居模式，表明网络形态和总幼虫丰度主要影响定居分布。我们比较了连续和间歇性氧化剂应用的有效性。连续处理是最有效的（高达 99%），但需要高达 3.5 kg ha-1 的氯。在灌溉服务排放高峰期之前，也可以通过短时间注射（1 至 3 小时）来实现合理的控制，从而节省高达 93% 的氯并达到相似的死亡率。该模型还用于估计通过消防栓向农场灌溉系统输出的幼虫和氯，并评估减轻农场侵扰风险和环境影响的策略。保护农场灌溉系统需要额外的氯输入。该模型可以参数化以模拟不同类型的加压网络中的相似物种，使用不同的化学品进行处理。