Fabrication of complex three-dimensional (3D) structures at nanoscale is the core of nanotechnology, as it enables the creation of various micro-/nano-devices such as micro-robots, metamaterials, sensors, photonic devices, etc. Among most 3D nanofabrication strategies, the guided material assembly, an efficient bottom-up approach capable of directly constructing designed structures from precise integration of material building blocks, possesses compelling advantages in diverse material compatibility, sufficient driving forces, facile processing steps, and nanoscale resolution. In this review, we focus on assembly-based fabrication methods capable of creating complex 3D nanostructures (instead of periodic or 2.5D-only structures). Recent advances are classified based on the different assembly mechanisms, i.e., assembly driven by chemical reactions, physical interactions, and the synergy of multiple microscopic interactions. The design principles of representative fabrication strategies with an emphasis on their respective advantages, e.g., structural design flexibility, material compatibility, resolution, or applications are analyzed. In the summary and outlook, existing challenges, as well as possible paths to solutions for future development are reviewed. We believe that with recent advances in assembly-based nanofabrication strategies, 3D nanofabrication has achieved tremendous progress in resolution, material generality, and manufacturing cost, for it to make a greater impact in the near future.

中文翻译：

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通过定向材料组装进行 3D 纳米制造：机制、方法和未来


纳米级复杂三维 （3D） 结构的制造是纳米技术的核心，因为它能够创建各种微/纳米器件，例如微型机器人、超材料、传感器、光子器件等。在大多数 3D 纳米制造策略中，引导材料组装是一种高效的自下而上的方法，能够从材料构建块的精确集成中直接构建设计的结构，在多种材料兼容性、足够的驱动力、简单的加工步骤和纳米级分辨率方面具有引人注目的优势。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了能够创建复杂 3D 纳米结构（而不是周期性或纯 2.5D 结构）的基于装配的制造方法。最近的进展根据不同的组装机制进行分类，即由化学反应、物理相互作用和多种微观相互作用的协同作用驱动的组装。分析了代表性制造策略的设计原则，并强调了它们各自的优势，例如结构设计灵活性、材料兼容性、分辨率或应用。在总结和展望中，回顾了存在的挑战以及未来发展解决方案的可能路径。我们相信，随着基于组装的纳米制造策略的最新进展，3D 纳米制造在分辨率、材料通用性和制造成本方面取得了巨大进步，将在不久的将来产生更大的影响。