Most eco‐evolutionary research focuses on ecological effects of single‐species evolution. We, therefore, know little of eco‐evolutionary dynamics when multiple species evolve simultaneously. We quantified evolution‐mediated ecological effects in communities equivalent in genetic diversity and starting biomass, but different in selection background (heatwave exposure) of one or all four zooplankton species (three Daphnia and one Scapholeberis species). We observed transient eco‐evolutionary effects that differed depending on which species in the community had evolved. Evolution did not always lead to higher abundances of the evolved species. Indirect effects on species abundances caused by evolution of another species could be as strong as direct effects mediated by its own evolution. The cumulative effect of evolution in multiple species was antagonistic for community composition and grazing pressure but additive for community‐wide biomass. Our results imply that focusing on single species' evolutionary effects on ecology may lead to unreliable predictions when multiple species evolve simultaneously.

中文翻译：

---

与多个进化物种的生态进化相互作用揭示了拮抗效应和加性效应


大多数生态进化研究都集中在单一物种进化的生态影响上。因此，我们对多个物种同时进化时的生态进化动力学知之甚少。我们量化了在遗传多样性和起始生物量方面相当的群落中进化介导的生态效应，但在一种或全部四种浮游动物物种（三种水蚤和一种舟状浮游动物物种）的选择背景（热浪暴露）上有所不同。我们观察到瞬态生态进化效应，这些效应因群落中的物种进化而异。进化并不总是导致进化物种的丰度更高。另一个物种的进化对物种丰度的间接影响可能与其自身进化介导的直接影响一样强。多个物种进化的累积效应对群落组成和放牧压力是拮抗的，但对整个群落的生物量是累加的。我们的结果表明，当多个物种同时进化时，关注单个物种对生态学的进化影响可能会导致不可靠的预测。