Avena sterilis, the ancestral species of cultivated oats, is a valuable genetic resource for oat improvement. Here we generated a near-complete 10.99 Gb A. sterilis genome and a high-quality 10.89 Gb cultivated oat genome. Genome evolution analysis revealed the centromeres dynamic and structural variations landscape associated with domestication between wild and cultivated oats. Population genetic analysis of 117 wild and cultivated oat accessions worldwide detected many candidate genes associated with important agronomic traits for oat domestication and improvement. Remarkably, a large fragment duplication from chromosomes 4A to 4D harbouring many agronomically important genes was detected during oat domestication and was fixed in almost all cultivated oats from around the world. The genes in the duplication region from 4A showed significantly higher expression levels and lower methylation levels than the orthologous genes located on 4D in A. sterilis. This study provides valuable resources for evolutionary and functional genomics and genetic improvement of oat.

Avena sterilis 是培育燕麦的祖先物种，是燕麦改良的宝贵遗传资源。在这里，我们生成了一个近乎完整的 10.99 Gb A. sterilis 基因组和一个高质量的 10.89 Gb 培养燕麦基因组。基因组进化分析揭示了与野生燕麦和培育燕麦之间驯化相关的着丝粒动态和结构变异景观。对全球 117 个野生和栽培燕麦种质的群体遗传分析检测到许多与燕麦驯化和改良的重要农艺性状相关的候选基因。值得注意的是，在燕麦驯化过程中检测到从染色体 4A 到 4D 的大片段重复，其中包含许多农艺重要基因，并且几乎存在于来自世界各地的所有培育燕麦中。在 A. sterilis 中，来自 4A 的复制区中的基因表现出比位于 4D 上的直系同源基因显着更高的表达水平和更低的甲基化水平。本研究为燕麦的进化和功能基因组学以及遗传改良提供了宝贵的资源。