Research has shown that positive family and individual contexts can prevent adolescents from developing internalizing and externalizing symptoms. However, less is known about the various ways resilience occurs longitudinally, considering compensatory (i.e., additive) effects and protective (i.e., moderation) effects of contextual (external) resources and individual (internal) assets. Further, few studies have examined these resilience processes among Korean adolescents exposed to neighborhood disadvantage. In the context of neighborhood disadvantage, the present study examined the compensatory and protective effects of positive parenting and self-esteem for Korean adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing symptoms across four years. Data from Waves 1 (2010), 3 (2012), and 4 (2013) from a longitudinal, nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents (N = 2322; Mean age at Wave 1 = 12.90; Females = 50.10%) were utilized. Evidencing compensatory effects, positive parenting (Wave 1) negatively and indirectly predicted both adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Wave 4) through their self-esteem (Wave 3), independent of the effect of neighborhood disadvantage (Wave 1). However, there were differences in the protective effects depending on symptoms. In the case of internalizing symptoms (Wave 4), positive parenting (Wave 1) indirectly buffered against neighborhood disadvantage (Wave 1) through adolescents’ self-esteem (Wave 3). In contrast, for externalizing symptoms (Wave 4), positive parenting (Wave 1) directly buffered the effect of neighborhood disadvantage (Wave 1). The present study highlights the resilience processes of positive parenting as an external resource and adolescents’ self-esteem as an internal asset for preventing internalizing and externalizing symptoms among Korean adolescents, which has implications for intervention and policy strengthening family and individual resilience.

研究表明，积极的家庭和个人环境可以防止青少年出现内化和外化症状。然而，考虑到环境（外部）资源和个体（内部）资产的补偿（即加法）效应和保护（即调节）效应，人们对弹性纵向发生的各种方式知之甚少。此外，很少有研究检查暴露于邻里劣势的韩国青少年的这些复原力过程。在邻里劣势的背景下，本研究考察了积极养育和自尊对韩国青少年四年内化和外化症状的补偿和保护作用。来自韩国青少年纵向、全国代表性样本的第 1 波（2010 年）、第 3 波（2012 年）和第 4 波（2013 年）的数据 （N = 2322;第 1 浪的平均年龄 = 12.90;女性 = 50.10%）被利用。证明补偿效应，积极养育（第 1 波）通过青少年的自尊（第 3 波）消极和间接地预测了青少年的内化和外化症状（第 4 波），而与邻里劣势的影响（第 1 波）无关。然而，根据症状的不同，保护作用存在差异。在症状内化（第 4 波）的情况下，积极养育（第 1 波）通过青少年的自尊（第 3 波）间接缓冲了邻里劣势（第 1 波）。相比之下，对于外化症状（第 4 波），积极养育（第 1 波）直接缓冲了邻里劣势的影响（第 1 波）。 本研究强调了积极养育作为外部资源的复原力过程，以及青少年自尊作为防止韩国青少年症状内化和外化的内在资产，这对加强家庭和个人复原力的干预和政策具有影响。