In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the United Kingdom transported convicts to the penal colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. Most of the convicts who were sent to the colonies were men. Treating it as a quasi-natural experiment, we employ the gender imbalance associated with this historical event to examine how gender norms influence the adoption of photovoltaic solar panels (PVS) in modern day Australia. Estimates from our preferred instrumental variable specification suggest that a unit increase in the historical sex ratio causes 3.5 more PVS units to be installed per 1000 population. We provide indirect evidence on the role of female bargaining power as a channel. We find that women living in locations which had higher historical sex ratios report being more satisfied with the division of childcare and household responsibilities, consistent with having greater bargaining power. We find that the effect of historical sex ratios on each of these proxies for female bargaining power is moderated by having an Australian-born parent, such that having an Australian-born parent strengthens the relationship, consistent with gender norms being passed down across generations. We also find that the effect of historical sex ratios on female bargaining power is attenuated by internal migration and greater ethnic diversity in the postcode, both of which weaken the vertical transmission of gender norms.

中文翻译：

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澳大利亚的性别规范和太阳能电池板能源采用：来自自然实验的证据


在 18 世纪和 19 世纪，英国将罪犯运送到新南威尔士州和范迪门地的流放地。被送往殖民地的罪犯大多是男性。将其视为一个准自然的实验，我们利用与这一历史事件相关的性别失衡来研究性别规范如何影响现代澳大利亚光伏太阳能电池板 （PVS） 的采用。我们首选工具变量规范的估计表明，历史性别比的单位增加会导致每 1000 人多安装 3.5 个 PVS 装置。我们提供了关于女性讨价还价能力作为渠道的作用的间接证据。我们发现，生活在历史性别比较高地区的女性报告说，她们对育儿和家庭责任的分工更满意，这与拥有更大的讨价还价能力一致。我们发现，历史性别比对女性议价能力的这些指标的影响受到澳大利亚出生的父母的调节，因此拥有澳大利亚出生的父母会加强这种关系，这与代代相传的性别规范一致。我们还发现，历史性别比对女性议价能力的影响因内部移民和邮政编码中更大的种族多样性而减弱，这两者都削弱了性别规范的垂直传播。