Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are being increasingly recognized as viable materials for environmental remediation due to their capacity to adsorb contaminants such as glyphosate (GLY) on their surfaces. Nevertheless, the ecotoxicological implications of IONPs associated with GLY necessitate thorough evaluation to ascertain the safety of such remediation strategies. In this context, the present investigation was conducted to examine hepatic biomarkers pertinent to the redox system, as well as ultrastructural hepatic alterations in Poecilia reticulata, following a 21-day exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of IONPs, iron ions (Fe), and glyphosate in its pure form (GLY) as well as a commercial glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH). After this exposure, the fish underwent a 21-day recovery in uncontaminated water. The results indicated an increase in the activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and in the concentration of glutathione (GSH) in the animals subjected to IONP+GBH and IONP+GLY treatments. This biochemical response persisted for the duration of both the exposure and recovery phases. Concurrently, hepatocytes displayed mitochondria with increased electron density, augmented lipid droplet accumulation, and expanded necrotic areas within the hepatic tissue. In contrast, fish exposed solely to IONPs exhibited sustained redox homeostasis throughout the investigative timeline. These findings suggest that the coexposure toxicity of IONP+GLY and IONP+GBH is attributable to the agent adsorbed onto the IONPs and that P. reticulata could maintain an active antioxidant defense mechanism throughout the entire study period.

中文翻译：

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草甘膦和基于草甘膦的除草剂诱导 Poecilia reticulata 在共暴露于氧化铁纳米颗粒 （y-Fe2O3） 期间和之后维持氧化还原平衡


氧化铁纳米颗粒 （IONP） 因其能够吸附表面的草甘膦 （GLY） 等污染物而越来越被认为是环境修复的可行材料。然而，与 GLY 相关的 IONP 的生态毒理学影响需要进行全面评估以确定此类补救策略的安全性。在此背景下，进行了本调查，以检查与氧化还原系统相关的肝脏生物标志物，以及 Poecilia reticulata 的超微结构肝脏改变，在暴露于环境相关浓度的 IONPs、铁离子 （Fe） 和纯草甘膦 （GLY） 以及商业草甘膦除草剂 （GBH） 21 天后。暴露后，鱼在未受污染的水中进行了 21 天的恢复。结果表明，在 IONP+GBH 和 IONP+GLY 处理的动物中，过氧化氢酶 （CAT） 和谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶 （GST） 活性以及谷胱甘肽 （GSH） 浓度增加。这种生化反应在暴露和恢复阶段持续存在。同时，肝细胞显示线粒体电子密度增加，脂滴积累增加，肝组织内坏死区域扩大。相比之下，仅暴露于 IONPs 的鱼在整个研究时间线中表现出持续的氧化还原稳态。这些发现表明，IONP+GLY 和 IONP+GBH 的共暴露毒性归因于 IONPs 上的试剂吸附，并且 P. reticulata 可以在整个研究期间保持积极的抗氧化防御机制。