International trade profoundly impacts global land resource redistribution, creating significant inequalities. However, there is still a considerable gap in studies on land transfer and resulting environmental consequences. This study aims to illuminate inequality patterns by examining the global transfer dynamics of embodied cropland, forestland, and pasture in 2001, 2011, and 2021. The results reveal a notable increase in transfers within developing regions, rising from 21.8 % to 37.1 %. The direction of the largest shifts changed in embodied cropland and forestland. Embodied land outflows from developing regions were mainly related to primary products, while those from developed regions came from manufacturing and services. The carbon losses from trade-induced land use changes indicated that the world experienced an average loss of 37.25 million MgC/yr from carbon sink and 17.60 PgC from carbon storage in 2011. Developing regions not only provided land resources to developed regions but also bore the resulting carbon sink and storage losses. To prevent international trade from worsening regional inequalities and spreading environmental impacts, concerted efforts in improving land-use efficiency and conserving carbon stocks are alternative pathways to foster and promote global sustainability.

中文翻译：

---

国际贸易中的隐含土地再分配加剧了碳损失和不平等


国际贸易深刻影响全球土地资源再分配，造成了严重的不平等。然而，在土地转让及其由此产生的环境后果的研究方面仍然存在相当大的差距。本研究旨在通过研究 2001 年、2011 年和 2021 年隐含农田、林地和牧场的全球转移动态来阐明不平等模式。结果显示，发展中地区内的转移支付显著增加，从 21.8% 上升到 37.1%。隐含农田和林地的最大变化方向发生了变化。发展中地区隐形土地流出主要与初级产品有关，而发达地区则来自制造业和服务业。贸易引起的土地利用变化造成的碳损失表明，2011 年全球碳汇平均损失 3725 万 MgC/年，碳储存损失 17.60 PgC。发展中地区不仅为发达地区提供了土地资源，而且还承担了由此产生的碳汇和碳封存损失。为了防止国际贸易加剧区域不平等和扩大环境影响，共同努力提高土地利用效率和保护碳储量是促进和促进全球可持续性的替代途径。