The aim of the present study is to examine the impact of Madrid's urban growth over the last 50 years (1970–2020). We conduct a modelling study using WRF-ARW with the multilayer urban parameterization BEP-BEM, in which different urban parameters have been incorporated at each point within the model's inner domain according to urban expansion from 1970 to 2020. Two scenarios of important societal interest with different meteorological conditions are selected for this study: a period of intense heatwave during the summer season and a short period of strongly stable atmospheric conditions in winter, both in 2020. The results show that in areas where the urban fraction becomes greater an increase in near-surface air temperature is found for both simulated periods, especially during the night. The urbanization modifies the surface energy balance and turbulent transport in Madrid and its surroundings. It leads to a decrease in latent heat flux due to the high impermeability and reduced vegetation in urban areas. Additionally, the urban areas with a higher density of buildings have a high heat capacity, increasing heat flux storage during the day through solar radiation absorption. This stored energy is released at night, exacerbating the increase in nighttime near-surface air temperature in both periods.

中文翻译：

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城市发展对近地表气温和地表能量平衡的影响——以 1970—2020 年马德里为例


本研究的目的是考察过去 50 年（1970-2020 年）马德里城市发展的影响。我们使用 WRF-ARW 和多层城市参数化 BEP-BEM 进行了建模研究，其中根据 1970 年至 2020 年的城市扩张，在模型内部域内的每个点都纳入了不同的城市参数。本研究选择了两种具有不同气象条件的重要社会利益情景：夏季的强烈热浪时期和冬季的短暂强烈稳定大气条件，均在 2020 年。结果表明，在城市比例变得更大的地区，在两个模拟时段，尤其是夜间，近地表气温都会增加。城市化改变了马德里及其周边地区的地表能平衡和湍流传输。由于城市地区的高抗渗性和植被减少，它导致潜热通量减少。此外，建筑物密度较高的城市地区具有较高的热容量，通过太阳辐射吸收增加了白天的热通量储存。这种储存的能量在夜间释放，加剧了这两个时期夜间近地表气温的升高。