There is a growing call for comparative analyses of forest governance to facilitate knowledge exchange for the sustainable management of Nordic forest systems, addressing the needs of societal stakeholders in enhancing both the quality and quantity of forest resources. This study traces the development of nation-wide policy instruments implemented in four Nordic countries; Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark between 1970 and 2023, based on interviews among forest policy scholars and other research experts. Using an analytical framework that highlights the relations between policy intervention, change, impact, and learning, we compare central government practices and private actor initiatives in the Nordic countries that address the ecological, social, and economic values of forests. We find a common trend towards multifunctionality and soft governance as well as differences in the use of economic instruments and certification standardization. This study also considers insights into developments in Nordic forest governance, the enabling and impeding factors for past trends and outcomes and discusses the learning of this change towards equity in the multifunctional use of forests.

中文翻译：

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比较北欧森林治理：关键信息提供者的观点


人们越来越呼吁对森林治理进行比较分析，以促进北欧森林系统可持续管理的知识交流，满足社会利益相关者在提高森林资源质量和数量方面的需求。本研究追溯了在四个北欧国家实施的全国性政策工具的发展;1970 年至 2023 年间芬兰、瑞典、挪威和丹麦，基于对森林政策学者和其他研究专家的采访。使用强调政策干预、变化、影响和学习之间关系的分析框架，我们比较了北欧国家解决森林生态、社会和经济价值的中央政府做法和私人行为者倡议。我们发现多功能和软治理的共同趋势，以及经济工具和认证标准化的使用差异。本研究还考虑了对北欧森林治理发展的见解、过去趋势和结果的有利和阻碍因素，并讨论了在森林的多功能利用中实现公平的这一变化的学习。