Planting trees with additional non-timber products (NTFPs) (such as fruits) in agricultural lands is emerging as an important strategy in Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) to enhance the provision of ecosystem services and improve habitat quality. In many cases, the planting of NTFP trees follows a transition from collecting NTFPs in natural forests to integrating the respective trees into agricultural farms with ecological and socio-economic implications. Therefore, understanding the current practice and challenges of current NTFP collection and willingness for cultivation is crucial to effectively use such land-use trajectories for FLR. In this study, we investigate the case of Caesalpinia spinosa (tara), whose fruits provide an emerging NTFP in southern Ecuador. Using household data from 125 households currently collecting tara fruits, we first describe the relatively young production system and then use a Heckman two-step econometric model to identify the factors influencing the expressed willingness to cultivate tara trees on farms and the area to be cultivated. The econometric model results show that the characteristics of tara collection and trade (gender of collectors, distance to the collection site, and management practices) are important determinants of tara cultivation. However, it's the household labor availability and farm characteristics that play a significant role in impacting the willingness to cultivate. The area to be cultivated was mainly influenced by household labor and economic characteristics, and tara collection and trade (management practices) characteristics. Our findings help to understand NTFP-related land-use transitions, thus supporting the design of appropriate and specific policy interventions for the sustainable development of NTFPs.

中文翻译：

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影响非木材林产品从采集过渡到种植意愿的因素：厄瓜多尔南部的 Caesalpinia spinosa 案例


在农业用地中种植含有额外非木材产品 （NTFP）（如水果）的树木正在成为森林景观恢复 （FLR） 的一项重要策略，以加强生态系统服务的提供并改善栖息地质量。在许多情况下，种植 NTFP 树木是在从天然林中收集 NTFP 过渡到将相应的树木整合到具有生态和社会经济影响的农业农场之后进行的。因此，了解当前 NTFP 收集的当前做法和挑战以及种植意愿对于有效利用此类土地利用轨迹进行 FLR 至关重要。在这项研究中，我们调查了 Caesalpinia spinosa （tara） 的案例，其果实为厄瓜多尔南部提供了新兴的 NTFP。使用来自目前正在采集塔拉果的 125 个家庭的家庭数据，我们首先描述了相对年轻的生产系统，然后使用 Heckman 两步计量经济学模型来确定影响在农场和要种植的地区种植塔拉树的意愿的因素。计量经济学模型结果表明，度母采集和交易的特点 （采集者的性别、与采集地的距离和管理实践） 是度母培养的重要决定因素。然而，家庭劳动力供应和农场特征在影响耕作意愿方面起着重要作用。耕地面积主要受家庭劳动和经济特征以及度母采集和贸易（管理实践）特征的影响。我们的研究结果有助于理解与 NTFP 相关的土地利用转变，从而支持为 NTFP 的可持续发展设计适当和具体的政策干预措施。