Economic instruments like subsidies and tax reliefs are widely used to promote forest ecosystem services. However, such instruments typically target services traded in markets, whereas non-market services are declining worldwide. With Norway as a case, we map economic instruments used in Norwegian forest governance and examine how they promote or constrain forests' capacity to provide different ecosystem services. Data was collected from a review of policy documents and fiscal budgets, compared with data on trends and condition of ecosystem services from Norwegian forests. Three main results are highlighted. First, the main economic instruments are markets for forest products and amenities, forestry certification schemes, and government expenditures. Second, ecosystem services traded in markets like timber (578 mill €/y) and hunting licenses (74.1 mill €/y) attract the lion's share of forest investments, amounting to around 652.1 mill. Euros per year, whereas aggregated investments in non-market ecosystem services like habitat provision (43.44 mill €/y) and carbon sequestration (2.53 mill €/y) remain an order of magnitude smaller. Third, most instruments target services for which forests show increasing capacity, while some services in poor condition or declining supply, are underprioritized or undermined through investments in competing services. Moreover, our results suggest that the current use of economic instruments primarily aligns with the sustainability pathways of green economy/green growth or nature protection. We argue that sustainable forest governance in Norway will require major reallocations of investments to support a broader array of forest values, combined with policy attention to alternative sustainability pathways.

中文翻译：

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平衡对生态系统服务的投资，实现可持续森林治理


补贴和税收减免等经济工具被广泛用于促进森林生态系统服务。然而，这些工具通常针对在市场上交易的服务，而非市场服务在全球范围内正在下降。以挪威为例，我们绘制了挪威森林治理中使用的经济工具，并研究了它们如何促进或限制森林提供不同生态系统服务的能力。数据是通过对政策文件和财政预算的审查收集的，并与挪威森林生态系统服务的趋势和状况数据进行了比较。突出显示了三个主要结果。首先，主要经济工具是林产品和便利设施市场、林业认证计划和政府支出。其次，在木材（578 百万欧元/年）和狩猎许可证（74.1 百万欧元/年）等市场交易的生态系统服务吸引了大部分森林投资，总额约为 652.1 百万美元。欧元/年，而对栖息地供应（43.44 百万欧元/年）和碳封存（2.53 百万欧元/年）等非市场生态系统服务的总投资仍然小一个数量级。第三，大多数工具针对的是森林容量增加的服务，而一些状况不佳或供应下降的服务则因投资于竞争性服务而被低估或受到破坏。此外，我们的结果表明，当前经济工具的使用主要与绿色经济/绿色增长或自然保护的可持续性路径一致。我们认为，挪威的可持续森林治理将需要对投资进行重大重新分配，以支持更广泛的森林价值，同时在政策上关注替代性可持续性途径。