As a way of decreasing car ownership and use, one of the significant causes of road passenger transport-related emissions, a growing number of municipalities in Sweden and globally promote car- and bike-sharing by implementing Flexible Parking Requirements. Evaluations of how these requirements affect mobility patterns among residents are emerging. Still, research on the implications for the carsharing and bike-sharing business models and overall service development is lacking. This paper aims to address this by investigating how the development of car- and bike-sharing services is affected by Flexible Parking Requirements. We study four cases based on mobility service providers and specific properties in Sweden through the lens of business model literature and actor-network theory. The results uncover specific narratives, assemblages and challenges related to each case. The carsharing services highlighted the difference in success between open-access and exclusive residential mobility services. Bike-sharing services were characterized by diverse weaknesses and threats that must be addressed for functioning services. The results indicate Flexible Parking Requirements being an important actant of change in defining the services offerings and shaping assemblages. A plethora of actants is identified in the assemblage around car- and bike-sharing services. The paper helps to identify the missing pieces in aligning all of them to have persistence and lasting services. In the concluding discussion, the new roles of the apartment blocks and residential mobility services are discussed within the transport system.

中文翻译：

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从共享移动服务到住宅移动服务？灵活停车要求影响下的汽车共享和自行车共享发展


作为减少汽车拥有量和使用的一种方式，这是道路客运相关排放的重要原因之一，瑞典和全球越来越多的城市通过实施灵活停车要求来促进汽车和自行车共享。关于这些要求如何影响居民出行模式的评估正在出现。尽管如此，目前还缺乏关于其对汽车共享和共享单车商业模式以及整体服务发展影响的研究。本文旨在通过调查灵活停车要求如何影响汽车和自行车共享服务的发展来解决这个问题。我们通过商业模式文献和参与者网络理论的视角研究了基于瑞典移动服务提供商和特定属性的四个案例。结果揭示了与每个案例相关的特定叙述、组合和挑战。汽车共享服务凸显了开放式和独家住宅移动服务之间的成功差异。共享单车服务的特点是各种弱点和威胁，必须解决这些弱点和威胁才能使服务正常运行。结果表明，灵活停车要求是定义服务产品和塑造组合的重要变革因素。在围绕汽车和自行车共享服务的组合中发现了大量的行为者。该论文有助于识别缺失的部分，将它们全部对齐以获得持久性和持久的服务。在最后的讨论中，讨论了公寓楼和住宅移动服务在交通系统中的新作用。