This study explores whether and how respondents’ racial/ethnic identity affects racial/ethnic hate crime perception, considering the races/ethnicities of the offender and the victim. The data of this study comes from a factorial survey experiment with random vignette assignments among U.S. adults from MTurk ( n = 2,021). A set of logistic regression models with robust standard errors was estimated to test the two-way and three-way moderation effects of the races/ethnicities of the offender, victim, and respondent. Results reveal how racial/ethnic groups recognize hate crimes, considering not only the identities of the offenders and victims but also the respondents’ own backgrounds. Subgroup analyses further revealed different patterns of racial/ethnic hate crime recognition among minority respondents and non-Hispanic white respondents. Integrating a power-relation perspective and social identity theory, this study concludes that there are racial/ethnic variances in the recognition of racial/ethnic hate crimes, which not only concern the race/ethnicity of the offender and victim but are also related to respondents’ identity. Social identity theory partially explains the observations through group image management and ingroup favoritism. Additionally, the perception of racial/ethnic hate crimes is primarily driven by the Majority–Minority pattern, regardless of the group membership. This study calls for further efforts not only in researching the role of race/ethnicity in relation to racial/ethnic hate crime recognition but also in advancing the practice of hate crime reporting and data collection by an enhanced understanding of group identity among individuals as well as law enforcement.

中文翻译：

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构建仇恨犯罪：受访者的种族/族裔身份重要吗？


本研究探讨了受访者的种族/族裔身份是否以及如何影响种族/族裔仇恨犯罪的看法，同时考虑了罪犯和受害者的种族/族裔。本研究的数据来自一项因子调查实验，该实验在 MTurk （n = 2,021） 的美国成年人中随机分配了小插图。估计了一组具有稳健标准误差的 logistic 回归模型，以检验罪犯、受害者和受访者的种族/民族的双向和三向调节效应。结果揭示了种族/族裔群体如何识别仇恨犯罪，不仅考虑了罪犯和受害者的身份，还考虑了受访者自身的背景。亚组分析进一步揭示了少数族裔受访者和非西班牙裔白人受访者对种族/族裔仇恨犯罪识别的不同模式。结合权力关系视角和社会认同理论，本研究得出结论，在识别种族/民族仇恨犯罪方面存在种族/民族差异，这不仅涉及罪犯和受害者的种族/民族，还与受访者的身份有关。社会认同理论通过群体形象管理和群体内偏爱部分解释了这些观察结果。此外，对种族/族裔仇恨犯罪的看法主要由多数-少数模式驱动，与群体成员无关。本研究呼吁进一步努力，不仅要研究种族/族裔在种族/族裔仇恨犯罪识别中的作用，还要通过加强对个人和执法部门的群体身份的理解来推进仇恨犯罪报告和数据收集的实践。