West Nile Virus (WNV), first identified in Uganda in 1937, remains a significant global health threat, adapting across diverse ecosystems and expanding geographically, particularly into temperate regions of Europe and North America. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the latest insights and challenges in WNV management, focusing on epidemiological trends, molecular advancements, and public health implications. Recent data highlight WNV's expansion, driven by climate changes such as milder winters and longer warm seasons that increase mosquito activity and enable the virus to overwinter within mosquito populations. This facilitates year-round transmission and challenges current control strategies. Molecularly, advancements in genomic and proteomic technologies have deepened our understanding of WNV's replication and pathogenesis, identifying new therapeutic targets and improving diagnostic methods. However, the absence of an approved human vaccine leaves management dependent on supportive care, particularly for severe neurological cases. Effective vector control remains crucial, with innovative strategies including genetically modified mosquitoes and novel insecticides being pivotal. Furthermore, environmental factors like climate change and urbanization are altering vector behaviors and WNV transmission dynamics, necessitating adaptive public health strategies to manage these evolving threats. The review underscores the need for ongoing research, vaccine and therapeutic development, and enhanced public health infrastructures to better respond to WNV challenges. It stresses the critical role of integrating scientific research, public health policy, and community engagement to effectively address the persistent threat of WNV.

中文翻译：

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气候变化中的西尼罗河病毒：流行病学、病理学、诊断和治疗的进展、疫苗设计和控制策略、新出现的公共卫生挑战 - 综合回顾。


西尼罗河病毒 （WNV） 于 1937 年在乌干达首次被发现，至今仍是一个重大的全球健康威胁，它适应不同的生态系统并在地理上扩展，特别是扩展到欧洲和北美的温带地区。本综述全面探讨了 WNV 管理的最新见解和挑战，重点关注流行病学趋势、分子进展和公共卫生影响。最近的数据强调了西尼罗病毒的扩张，这是由气候变化驱动的，例如更温和的冬天和更长的温暖季节，这些变化增加了蚊子的活动，并使病毒能够在蚊子种群中越冬。这促进了全年输电，并对当前的控制策略提出了挑战。在分子方面，基因组和蛋白质组学技术的进步加深了我们对 WNV 复制和发病机制的理解，确定了新的治疗靶点并改进了诊断方法。然而，由于缺乏获批的人类疫苗，管理依赖于支持性治疗，特别是对于严重的神经系统病例。有效的病媒控制仍然至关重要，包括转基因蚊子和新型杀虫剂在内的创新策略至关重要。此外，气候变化和城市化等环境因素正在改变病媒行为和 WNV 传播动态，因此需要适应性公共卫生策略来管理这些不断变化的威胁。该审查强调了持续研究、疫苗和治疗开发以及加强公共卫生基础设施的必要性，以更好地应对西尼罗病毒的挑战。它强调了整合科学研究、公共卫生政策和社区参与的关键作用，以有效应对西尼罗病毒的持续威胁。