Pakistan has the highest rates of consanguinity in the world, with nearly two‐thirds marrying cousins. To understand this pattern, we adopt the theoretical framework of intensive and extensive kinship that allows us to predict correlates of consanguineous marriages and logically connect patterns in Pakistan with those in other regions. Using data from the Punjab Consanguinity Survey, we examine indicators of economic development, fertility, cultural norms, and marriage payments as potential correlates of cousin marriage. Consistent with the intensive kinship framework, we find that number of cousins, parental consanguinity, spousal proximity, and caste or clan endogamy are associated with higher likelihood of consanguinity. In contrast, the likelihood of cousin marriage decreases with extensive kinship indicators including husband's education, co‐education, and large wedding expenditures. For women, cousin marriages are often “marrying down” financially, keeping women's wealth in the family. Comparison of Pakistan to other countries highlights the importance of low levels of literacy and female education, high fertility, and rapid population growth. We conclude that high rates of cousin marriage persist in Pakistan due to slow economic development which maintains motivations for cooperation with kin, and high fertility rates which sustain the large numbers of cousins that enable high levels of consanguinity.

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密集的亲属关系、发展和人口统计学：为什么巴基斯坦是世界上表亲结婚率最高的国家


巴基斯坦是世界上血缘关系最高的国家，近三分之二的人与表亲结婚。为了理解这种模式，我们采用了密集和广泛的亲属关系理论框架，这使我们能够预测近亲婚姻的相关性，并在逻辑上将巴基斯坦的模式与其他地区的模式联系起来。使用旁遮普邦血缘关系调查的数据，我们研究了经济发展、生育率、文化规范和结婚报酬等指标，这些指标与表亲婚姻的潜在相关性。与密集亲属关系框架一致，我们发现堂兄弟姐妹的数量、父母血缘关系、配偶接近度以及种姓或氏族内婚制与血缘关系的可能性较高相关。相比之下，表亲结婚的可能性随着广泛的亲属关系指标（包括丈夫的教育、男女同校和大额婚礼支出）而降低。对于女性来说，表亲婚姻通常是在经济上“嫁出去”，将女性的财富留在家庭中。将巴基斯坦与其他国家的比较突出了识字率和女性教育水平低、高生育率和人口快速增长的重要性。我们得出的结论是，由于经济发展缓慢，巴基斯坦的表亲结婚率很高，这维持了与亲属合作的动机，而高生育率维持了大量的表亲，从而实现了高水平的血缘关系。