Solar-to-fuel production via the carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a crucial and widely discussed topic, particularly in the context of climate change. Electro-solar approaches, such as electrochemical (EC), photochemical (PC), and photoelectrochemical (PEC) methods, are promising for CO2RR due to their efficiency and mild operating conditions. The process of converting CO2 into valuable products involves multiple steps and requires a deep understanding of reaction mechanisms and product selectivity. In situ and operando spectroscopic techniques are essential for elucidating these mechanisms. This review focuses on advanced in situ spectroscopic methods, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, which provide insights into CO2 adsorption, activation, and electron-proton transfer, leading to intermediate radical formation. Additionally, advanced X-ray techniques are briefly discussed, offering refined approaches to studying CO2RR dynamics. These integrated techniques are crucial for designing and optimizing catalysts for efficient CO2 reduction and conversion.

中文翻译：

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实现高效太阳能电还原的方法策略，结合适当的原位技术


通过二氧化碳 （CO2） 还原反应 （CO2RR） 生产太阳能制燃料是一个关键且被广泛讨论的话题，尤其是在气候变化的背景下。电化学 （EC）、光化学 （PC） 和光电化学 （PEC） 方法等太阳能方法由于其效率和温和的操作条件而对 CO2RR 很有前途。将 CO2 转化为有价值的产品的过程涉及多个步骤，需要对反应机理和产品选择性有深入的了解。原位和原位光谱技术对于阐明这些机制至关重要。本文重点介绍先进的原位光谱方法，如 X 射线吸收光谱 （XAS）、红外 （IR） 光谱、拉曼光谱和电子顺磁共振 （EPR） 光谱，这些方法为 CO2 吸附、活化和电子-质子转移提供了见解，从而导致中间自由基的形成。此外，还简要讨论了先进的 X 射线技术，为研究 CO2RR 动力学提供了精致的方法。这些集成技术对于设计和优化催化剂以实现高效的 CO2 还原和转化至关重要。