In recent years, hydrovoltaic electricity generators (HEGs) have garnered increasing interest and attention due to their unparalleled advantages. They typically operate through direct interactions between various nanomaterials/structures and different forms of water (e.g., moisture, liquid water, waves, and droplets) capable of transforming diverse energy forms into electricity, resulting in the development of four types of HEGs: moisture electricity generators (MEGs), evaporation electricity generators (EEGs), droplet electricity generators (DEGs), and reverse electrodialysis electricity generators (REGs). Consequently, a deep understanding of their interactions is crucial for the development of different types of high-performance HEGs. In this regard, the efficient utilization of water by natural organisms to achieve various complex life processes and functions provides inexhaustible and ingenious inspirations for fabricating superior HEGs, establishing this as a vibrant area of current research. In this review, we will comprehensively review the recent key advancements in the field of bioinspired HEGs. We begin by elucidating the concepts and relationships between HEGs and bioinspired design, followed by an explanation of the mechanisms behind the above four types of HEGs. Building on this foundation, we systematically summarize and discuss the current progress of HEG devices from three bioinspired perspectives: (1) elementary bioinspired materials for HEGs; (2) smart bioinspired structures for HEGs; and (3) living bioinspired devices for HEGs. In this review, we will also highlight various biological structures, functions, and processes that can inspire the design of HEGs. We conclude by summarizing the challenges in the bioinspired HEG field and providing insights into future prospects for this exciting research area.

中文翻译：

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新兴的仿生式水力发电


近年来，水力光伏发电机 （HEG） 因其无与伦比的优势而受到越来越多的关注和关注。它们通常通过各种纳米材料/结构和不同形式的水（例如水分、液态水、波浪和液滴）之间的直接相互作用来运作，能够将不同的能量形式转化为电能，从而开发出四种类型的 HEG：湿气发电机 （MEG）、蒸发发电机 （EEG）、液滴发电机 （DEG） 和反向电渗析发电机 （REG）。因此，深入了解它们的相互作用对于开发不同类型的高性能 HEG 至关重要。在这方面，自然生物体对水的有效利用以实现各种复杂的生命过程和功能，为制造卓越的 HEG 提供了取之不尽、用之不竭的巧妙灵感，使其成为当前研究的一个充满活力的领域。在这篇综述中，我们将全面回顾生物启发式 HEG 领域的最新关键进展。我们首先阐明 HEG 和仿生设计之间的概念和关系，然后解释上述四种类型的 HEG 背后的机制。在此基础上，我们从三个仿生角度系统地总结和讨论了 HEG 器件的当前进展：（1） HEG 的基本仿生材料;（2） HEG 的智能仿生结构;（3） 用于 HEG 的活体仿生装置。在这篇综述中，我们还将重点介绍可以激发 HEG 设计的各种生物结构、功能和过程。 最后，我们总结了仿生 HEG 领域的挑战，并对这一令人兴奋的研究领域的未来前景提供了见解。