The ‘globalization turn’ in the sociology of class has led to the resurgence of studies comparing social classes in Europe over the past 20 years and to question the methodological nationalism of the class analysis. But it has also paid little attention to the selection of the most appropriate empirical tools for quantifying class in a comparative approach. This article explores the links between occupations, class structures, and countries by applying the French and the Portuguese occupational classifications to both countries. France and Portugal are an especially suitable pairing for comparative study because social class and inequalities are central to sociological research in both countries, and their divergent intellectual histories produced different tools for quantifying social stratification. The Portuguese classification, which attaches great importance to the ownership of capital, helps to understand the diversity of the class position of the self-employed and the structure of the economic elites. The French classification, based on employment status and qualifications, highlights the role of diplomas and the public/private divide. Ultimately, the Portuguese social structure appears to be more polarized than the French one. This cross-national and cross-classification comparison brings to light features of the social structures of the two countries and the contrasts between them that would have remained a blind spot if we had used an international classification. Paradoxically, these national classifications help to overcome methodological nationalism and ethnocentrism.

中文翻译：

---

比较国家，输出分类，超越方法论民族主义：法国和葡萄牙之间以及之间的阶级、性别和教育差距


阶级社会学的“全球化转向”导致了过去 20 年中比较欧洲社会阶级的研究的复兴，并质疑了阶级分析的方法论民族主义。但它也很少关注选择最合适的实证工具，以比较方法量化阶级。本文通过将法国和葡萄牙的职业分类应用于这两个国家，探讨了职业、阶级结构和国家之间的联系。法国和葡萄牙是特别适合进行比较研究的配对，因为社会阶层和不平等是两国社会学研究的核心，而且他们不同的思想历史产生了不同的量化社会分层的工具。葡萄牙分类法非常重视资本的所有权，有助于理解个体经营者的阶级地位和经济精英结构的多样性。法国的分类基于就业状况和资格，突出了文凭的作用和公共/私人鸿沟。归根结底，葡萄牙的社会结构似乎比法国的社会结构更加两极分化。这种跨国和跨分类的比较揭示了两国社会结构的特点以及它们之间的对比，如果我们使用国际分类，这些对比将仍然是一个盲点。矛盾的是，这些国家分类有助于克服方法论上的民族主义和种族中心主义。