Background COVID-19 booster vaccinations mitigate transmission and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with infection. However, the optimal date for booster administration remains uncertain. Geographic variation in infection rates throughout the year makes it challenging to intuit the best yearly booster administration date to effectively prevent infection, and also challenging to provide best guidance on how to alter booster administration in response to a breakthrough infection. Methods We leveraged longitudinal antibody and reinfection probabilities with spatiotemporal projections of COVID-19 incidence to develop a geographically informed approach to optimizing the timing of booster vaccination. We assessed the delay in booster vaccination that is warranted following breakthrough infections whenever they occur during the year, enabling a personalized assessment of optimal timing that acknowledges and respects diversity of COVID-19 immune status, addressing a substantial barrier to uptake. Results Yearly booster vaccination on any date is beneficial to prevention of infection. However, each location exhibits as much as a 3–4-fold range in degree of protection by date of uptake. Optimal COVID-19 booster vaccination dates are location-specific, typically in early autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. Infection late in the interval between boosts substantially alters the optimal boosting date. Conclusions Considerable benefit accrues from aptly timing COVID-19 booster vaccination campaigns, which can be tailored to specific locations. Individuals can acquire the greatest benefit from booster vaccination by timing it optimally, including delaying in cases of infection late in the interval between boosts. These results provide location-specific guidance for public health policy, healthcare provider recommendations, and individual decision-making.

中文翻译：

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先前加强疫苗接种或突破性感染后的最佳年度 COVID-19 疫苗加强日期


背景 COVID-19 加强疫苗接种可减轻传播并降低与感染相关的发病率和死亡率。然而，加强针的最佳接种日期仍不确定。全年感染率的地理差异使得直觉上确定最佳年度加强针接种日期以有效预防感染具有挑战性，也很难就如何改变加强针接种以应对突破性感染提供最佳指导。方法 我们利用纵向抗体和再感染概率以及 COVID-19 发病率的时空预测来开发一种地理知情方法来优化加强疫苗接种的时间。我们评估了一年中任何时候发生突破性感染后需要的加强疫苗接种延迟，从而能够对最佳时间进行个性化评估，承认并尊重 COVID-19 免疫状态的多样性，解决吸收的重大障碍。结果 每年在任何日期加强接种都有利于预防感染。然而，按摄取日期划分，每个位置的保护程度范围高达 3-4 倍。最佳的 COVID-19 加强免疫接种日期因地而异，通常在北半球的初秋。在两次加强之间的间隔后期感染会大大改变最佳加强日期。结论 适当安排 COVID-19 加强疫苗接种活动可获得相当大的好处，这可以针对特定地点进行定制。个人可以通过最佳时机从加强疫苗接种中获得最大益处，包括在加强接种间隔的后期延迟感染病例。 这些结果为公共卫生政策、医疗保健提供者建议和个人决策提供了特定于位置的指导。