Background

Proper water and fertilizer management can improve soil quality, regulate soil microbial community balance, and increase crop yield. However, the overall soil quality of Panax notoginseng under different irrigation and fertilization levels are still unclear.

Methods

We set up an experiment with different irrigation and fertilization treatments and a non-irrigated and non-fertilized CK as a control in Panax pseudoginseng farmland during three consecutive years. The differences of TDS (Total data set) covering 13 soil physicochemical properties and biological indicators in the fruiting stage of Panax notoginseng under different irrigation and fertilization treatments were analyzed, and the effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on the structure and function of soil bacterial community in a phyla level were further explored. The soil MDS (Minimum data set) was selected by principal component analysis and Norm value combined with Pearson correlation analysis, and the SQI-MDS (Soil quality index based on minimum data set) was employed to comprehensively evaluate the soil quality of Panax notoginseng under each irrigation and fertilization treatment and the corresponding yield was associated.

Results

The data showed that the soil physicochemical properties and Alpha diversity index, structure, and function of bacterial in Panax notoginseng under different irrigation and fertilization treatments in three years had significant difference. In three years, the coupling water and fertilizer treatments compared to single fertilization or irrigation had more unique bacteria phyla, the Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria phyla in each fertilization or irrigation treatment, the Acidobacteriota and Firmicutes phylum demonstrated significant difference in the W3 (15 mm) and F3 (93.00 kg·hm⁻²) treatment, respectively, and the values of multiple positive soil physicochemical indicators and bacterial functional metabolism potential under the W3F3 treatment were significantly greater than CK. In addition, the functional richness of soil beneficial bacteria in Panax notoginseng increased with the increased planting years. The soil MDS included pH and Shannon indicators, and the fitting effect between SQI-MDS-NL (Soil quality index based on minimum data set under nonlinear model) and SQI-TDS (Soil quality index based on total data set) were better in each year. The irrigation and fertilization regimes under the top three soil quality were the same and the soil quality under the W3F3 treatment was in the top three in every year. Furthermore, the yield in Panax notoginseng under the W3F3 treatment in 2018–2019, 2019–2020, and 2021–2022 year increased by 1.63 times, 1.29 times, and 0.95 times compared with CK, respectively.

Conclusions

The SQI-MDS-NL model better reflects the soil quality information in Panax notoginseng. Moreover, this study provides a reference for understanding the overall soil condition of Panax notoginseng under different irrigation and fertilization regimes in the long term and formulating the optimization plan of irrigation and fertilization management increasing the yield in Panax notoginseng.

中文翻译：

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水和肥料管理调节三七的土壤质量、细菌群落结构和功能以及产量

 背景

适当的水和肥料管理可以改善土壤质量，调节土壤微生物群落平衡，并提高作物产量。然而，不同灌溉和施肥水平下三七的整体土壤质量仍不清楚。

 方法

我们连续三年在人参农田中建立了一个具有不同灌溉和施肥处理的实验，以及未灌溉和未施肥的 CK 作为对照。分析了不同灌溉施肥处理下三七果实期13种土壤理化性质和生物指标的TDS（Total data set，总数据集）的差异，并进一步探讨了不同灌溉施肥处理对门水平土壤细菌群落结构和功能的影响。通过主成分分析和 Norm 值结合 Pearson 相关分析选择土壤 MDS（Minimum data set），采用 SQI-MDS（Soil Quality Index based on Minimum Data set）综合评价各灌溉施肥处理下三七的土壤质量，并关联相应的产量。

 结果

数据显示，3年不同灌溉施肥处理下三七土壤理化性质和三七细菌α多样性指数、结构和功能存在显著差异。3 年内，与单次施肥或灌溉相比，水肥耦合处理具有更多独特的细菌门，酸杆菌门、放线杆菌门、绿弯门和变形菌门是各施肥或灌溉处理的优势细菌门，酸杆菌门和厚壁菌门在 W3 （15 mm） 和 F3 （93.00 kg·hm⁻²） 处理，W3F3 处理下多个阳性土壤理化指标和细菌功能代谢电位值均显著大于 CK。此外，三七土壤有益菌的功能丰富度随着种植年限的增加而增加。土壤MDS包括pH和Shannon指标，SQI-MDS-NL（基于非线性模型下最小数据集的土壤质量指数）与SQI-TDS（基于总数据集的土壤质量指数）之间的拟合效果在每年都较好。前三名土壤质量下的灌溉施肥制度相同，W3F3 处理下的土壤质量每年均位居前三。此外，2018—2019 年、2019—2020 年和 2021—2022 年 W3F3 处理下三七的产量分别是 CK 的 1.63 倍、1.29 倍和 0.95 倍。

 结论

SQI-MDS-NL 模型较好地反映了三七的土壤质量信息。此外，本研究为长期了解不同灌溉施肥制度下三七的整体土壤状况，制定提高三七产量的灌溉施肥管理优化方案提供了参考。