Evolutionary responses to climate change may incur trade‐offs due to energetic constraints and mechanistic limitations, which are both influenced by environmental context. Adaptation to one stressor may result in life history trade‐offs, canalization of phenotypic plasticity, and the inability to tolerate other stressors, among other potential costs. While trade‐offs incurred during adaptation are difficult to detect in natural populations, experimental evolution can provide important insights by measuring correlated responses to selection as populations adapt to changing environments. However, studies testing for trade‐offs have generally lagged behind the growth in the use of experimental evolution in climate change studies. We argue that the important insights generated by the few studies that have tested for trade‐offs make a strong case for including these types of measurements in future studies of climate adaptation. For example, there is emerging consensus from experimental evolution studies that tolerance and tolerance plasticity trade‐offs are an often‐observed outcome of adaptation to anthropogenic change. In recent years, these types of studies have been strengthened by the use of sequencing of experimental populations, which provides promising new avenues for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying observed phenotypic trade‐offs.

中文翻译：

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实验进化揭示与人为和气候变化适应相关的权衡的潜力


由于能量限制和机制限制，对气候变化的进化响应可能会产生权衡，这两者都受到环境环境的影响。适应一种压力源可能会导致生活史权衡、表型可塑性的管道化以及无法耐受其他压力源，以及其他潜在成本。虽然在自然种群中很难检测到适应过程中发生的权衡，但实验进化可以通过测量种群适应不断变化的环境时对选择的相关反应来提供重要的见解。然而，测试权衡的研究通常落后于在气候变化研究中使用实验进化的增长。我们认为，为数不多的经过权衡取舍测试的研究所产生的重要见解为在未来的气候适应研究中包括这些类型的测量提供了强有力的理由。例如，实验进化研究中逐渐达成共识，即容忍和容忍可塑性权衡是适应人为变化的常见结果。近年来，这些类型的研究通过使用实验群体的测序得到了加强，这为理解观察到的表型权衡背后的分子机制提供了有希望的新途径。