Bacterial infections have emerged as a major threat to global public health. The effectiveness of traditional antibiotic treatments is waning due to the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, leading to an urgent demand for alternative antibacterial technologies. In this context, antibacterial nanomaterials have proven to be powerful tools for treating antibiotic-resistant and recurring infections. Targeting nanomaterials not only enable the precise delivery of bactericidal agents but also ensure controlled release at the infection site, thereby reducing potential systemic side effects. This review collates and categorizes nanomaterial-based responsive and precision-targeted antibacterial strategies into three key types: exogenous stimuli-responsive (including light, ultrasound, magnetism), bacterial microenvironment-responsive (such as pH, enzymes, hypoxia), and targeted antibacterial action (involving electrostatic interaction, covalent bonding, receptor-ligand mechanisms). Furthermore, we discuss recent advances, potential mechanisms, and future prospects in responsive and targeted antimicrobial nanomaterials, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the field's development and inspire the formulation of novel, precision-targeted antimicrobial strategies.

中文翻译：

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刺激响应和靶向纳米材料：彻底改变细菌感染的治疗


细菌感染已成为全球公共卫生的主要威胁。由于抗菌素耐药性的日益普遍，传统抗生素治疗的有效性正在减弱，导致对替代抗菌技术的迫切需求。在这种情况下，抗菌纳米材料已被证明是治疗抗生素耐药性和复发性感染的有力工具。靶向纳米材料不仅可以精确输送杀菌剂，还可以确保在感染部位控制释放，从而减少潜在的全身副作用。本综述将基于纳米材料的反应性和精确靶向抗菌策略整理和分类为三种关键类型：外源性刺激反应性（包括光、超声、磁性）、细菌微环境反应性（如 pH 值、酶、缺氧）和靶向抗菌作用（涉及静电相互作用、共价键、受体-配体机制）。此外，我们讨论了响应性和靶向抗菌纳米材料的最新进展、潜在机制和未来前景，旨在全面概述该领域的发展，并激发制定新颖的、精确靶向的抗菌策略。